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      Gender-based differences in host behavior and gut microbiota composition in response to high fat diet and stress in a mouse model

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          Abstract

          Obesity is associated with a high prevalence of mood disorders such as anxiety and depression. Both stress and high fat diet can alter the gut microbiota and contribute to obesity. To examine the interrelationships between obesity, stress, gut microbiota and mood disorders, obesity was induced in mice using a high fat diet, and the mice were subsequently stressed using a chronic unpredictable mild stress protocol. During the experiment, the composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed by 16 S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing, and anxiety-like behaviors were measured. The results revealed distinct gender differences in the impacts of obesity and stress on anxiety-like behaviors, activity levels, and composition of the gut microbiota. Male mice were more vulnerable to the anxiogenic effects of the high fat diet, and obese male mice showed decreased locomotion activity in response to stress whereas obese female mice did not. In females, stress caused the gut microbiota of lean mice to more closely resemble that of obese mice. Taken together, these results suggest the importance of considering gender as a biological variable in studies on the role of gut microbiota in obesity-related mood disorders.

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          Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing

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            QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data.

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              UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads.

              Amplified marker-gene sequences can be used to understand microbial community structure, but they suffer from a high level of sequencing and amplification artifacts. The UPARSE pipeline reports operational taxonomic unit (OTU) sequences with ≤1% incorrect bases in artificial microbial community tests, compared with >3% incorrect bases commonly reported by other methods. The improved accuracy results in far fewer OTUs, consistently closer to the expected number of species in a community.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                lpzhao@sjtu.edu.cn
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                7 September 2017
                7 September 2017
                2017
                : 7
                : 10776
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9115, GRID grid.253294.b, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, , Brigham Young University, ; Provo, Utah USA
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0368 8293, GRID grid.16821.3c, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ; Shanghai, P.R. China
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0368 8293, GRID grid.16821.3c, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ; Shanghai, P.R. China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4664-6144
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0547-6780
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2836-3802
                Article
                11069
                10.1038/s41598-017-11069-4
                5589737
                28883460
                c865ea07-d002-4b6a-bd15-e225929b51a0
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 22 February 2017
                : 17 August 2017
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