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      Plasticity in feeding selectivity and trophic structure of kelp forest associated fishes from northern Chile Translated title: Plasticidad en la selección de alimento y estructura trófica de los peces asociados a bosques de macroalgas pardas del norte de Chile

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          Abstract

          One of the primary ways in which species interact with their environment is through foraging; thereby directly consuming some fraction of their surrounding habitat. The habitat itself, in turn, may dictate the types of foraging opportunities that are available to the inhabitants. To investigate the relationship between habitat availability and diet composition of habitat-associated fishes, we estimated the relative abundance of the potential sessile and mobile prey items and the diet of the fish species assemblage associated to kelp forest. Specifically, diet and feeding selectivity of the kelp-forest associated fish assemblage were determined by calculating Manly's alpha selectivity index. We determined the diet of kelp forest associated fishes and their foraging behavior by comparing prey availability with those items present in the stomachs of fishes captured by gill net and spear gun. We calculated the degree of dietary overlap among fishes from four locations along the northern coast of Chile. Results indicate that utilization of prey by predators is predominantly affected by potential prey availability. With the exception of the two carnivorous species such as Pinguipes chilensis (Valenciennes, 1883) and Paralabrax humeralis (Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1828), whose diet did not change among sites, all other kelp-associated fishes changed their dietary habitats to consistent with the availability of local resources. Benthic resources changed among the different study sites, which led to differing diets even in the same species from different locations. Eleven of the 12 kelp forest fishes also showed some selectively for benthic prey. We conclude that the ability of fishes to be plastic in their feeding preference and, therefore, partition the benthic resources may set adaptations to co-exist in a dynamic environment such as kelp forest.

          Translated abstract

          Una de las principales formas en que las especies interactúan con su medio ambiente es a través de la alimentación, consumiendo directamente una fracción de los componentes del hábitat circundante. El propio hábitat, a su vez, puede determinar la conducta de forrajeo y los tipos de alimentación de sus depredadores. Para investigar la relación entre la disponibilidad de alimento y la composición de la dieta de los peces asociados a hábitat dominados por macroalgas pardas, se estimó la abundancia de las presas potenciales tanto especies sésiles como móviles y se comparó con la dieta de las especies de los peces en cuatro diferentes sitios de la costa del norte de Chile. Se determinó la dieta de los peces y su plasticidad alimentaria mediante la comparación entre la disponibilidad de presas con los ítemes presentes en los estómagos de los peces que fueron capturados por de red de enmalle y arpón de mano. Además se calculó el índice de selectividad alfa de Manly y el grado de sobreposición de la dieta de los peces costeros. Los resultados muestran que la utilización de las presas por los depredadores es afectada principalmente por la disponibilidad de presas potenciales. La mayoría de los peces asociados a las macroalgas difieren en su dieta en consonancia con la disponibilidad de los recursos a escalas locales, con la excepción de dos especies carnívoras tales como Pinguipes chilensis (Valenciennes, 1883) y Paralabrax humeralis (Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1828), cuya dieta no cambió entre los sitios estudiados. Las diferencias en la dieta de las especies son explicadas por los cambios en los recursos bentónicos que varían entre los sitios de estudio. Once de las 12 especies de peces asociados a los bosques de macroalgas pardas mostraron algún grado de selectividad de presas de origen bentónico. Se concluye que la habilidad de los peces de cambiar sus preferencias de alimentación y, por tanto, la partición de los recursos bentónicos puede obedecer a las adaptaciones para coexistir en un ambiente dinámico como aquel dominado por bosques de macroalgas pardas.

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          Resource partitioning in ecological communities.

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          To understand resource partitioning, essentially a community phenomenon, we require a holistic theory that draws upon models at the individual and population level. Yet some investigators are still content mainly to document differences between species, a procedure of only limited interest. Therefore, it may be useful to conclude with a list of questions appropriate for studies of resource partitioning, questions this article has related to the theory in a preliminary way. 1) What is the mechanism of competition? What is the relative importance of predation? Are differences likely to be caused by pressures toward reproductive isolation? 2) Are niches (utilizations) regularly spaced along a single dimension? 3) How many dimensions are important, and is there a tendency for more dimensions to be added as species number increases? 4) Is dimensional separation complementary? 5) Which dimensions are utilized, how do they rank in importance, and why? How do particular dimensions change in rank as species nuimber increases? 6) What is the relation of dimensional separation to difference in phenotypic indicators? To what extent does the functional relation of phenotype to resource characteristics constrain partitioning? 7) What is the distance between mean position of niches, what is the niche standard deviation, and what is the ratio of the two? What is the niche shape?
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rchnat
                Revista chilena de historia natural
                Rev. chil. hist. nat.
                Sociedad de Biología de Chile (Santiago, , Chile )
                0716-078X
                March 2012
                : 85
                : 1
                : 29-48
                Affiliations
                [03] orgnameVictoria University of Wellington orgdiv1Statistics and Computer Science orgdiv2School of Mathematics New Zealand
                [04] orgnameArizona State University orgdiv1Division of Mathematics & Natural Sciences USA
                [01] Viña del Mar orgnameUniversidad de Valparaíso orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales Chile alejandro.perez@ 123456uv.cl
                [02] Coquimbo orgnameUniversidad Católica del Norte orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias del Mar orgdiv2Departamento de Biología Marina Chile
                [05] La Serena orgnameCentro de Estudios Avanzados de Zonas Aridas Chile
                Article
                S0716-078X2012000100003 S0716-078X(12)08500103
                10.4067/S0716-078X2012000100003
                c8778500-688b-4015-b702-ae3ad890ce61

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 December 2011
                : 09 March 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 58, Pages: 20
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                RESEARCH ARTICLE

                Manly α,predation,depredación,understory,gremios tróficos,trophic guilds,Chile,sub-dosel

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