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      Active and passive drag: the role of trunk incline.

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          Abstract

          The aim of this study was to investigate the role of trunk incline (TI) and projected frontal area (A(eff)) in determining drag during active/passive measurements. Active drag (D(a)) was measured in competitive swimmers at speeds from 0.6 to 1.4 m s(-1); speed specific drag (D(a)/v(2)) was found to decrease as a function of v (P < 0.001) to indicate that the human body becomes more streamlined with increasing speed. Indeed, both A(eff) and TI were found to decrease with v (P < 0.001) whereas C(d) (the drag coefficient) was found to be unaffected by v. These data suggest that speed specific drag depend essentially on A(eff). Additional data indicate that A(eff) is larger during front crawl swimming than during passive towing (0.4 vs. 0.24 m(2)). This suggest that D(a)/v(2) is larger than D(p)/v(2) and, at a given speed, that D(a) is larger than D(p).

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.
          European journal of applied physiology
          1439-6327
          1439-6319
          May 2009
          : 106
          : 2
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e della Visione, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy. paola.zamparo@univr.it
          Article
          10.1007/s00421-009-1007-8
          19224240
          c8abd37d-1dc9-40c4-beab-9486b8a04074
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