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      Mastzellen sind entscheident an der Thrombin-induzierten kutanen Entzündungsreaktion beteiligt

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          Abstract

          Zusätzlich zu seiner Funktion innerhalb des Gerinnungssystems vermittelt Thrombin inflammatorische Reaktionen. Mastzellen (MZ) sind durch die Freisetzung von proinflammatorischen Mediatoren wie Maus-Mastzell Proteasen (MCPTs mouse mast cell proteases auch als mMCPs bekannt), Zytokinen und Chemokinen. charakterisiert. Da Thrombinrezeptoren, auch als Proteinase-aktivierbare Rezeptoren (PAR) bekannt, von MZ exprimiert werden, wurde untersucht ob eine MZ-Aktivierung über die Thrombin/PAR Interaktion bei einer dermalen Entzündung eine Rolle spielt. Die intrakutane Injektion von Thrombin in die Ohren von C57BL/6 Kit+/+ Mäusen löste eine sofortige kutane Entzündung, einhergehend mit einer starken Ohrschwellung, aus. Im Vergleich dazu war diese Schwellung in MZ-defizienten C57BL/6 KitW-sh/W-sh Mäusen deutlich stärker, was darauf hindeutet, dass MZ anti-inflammatorisch wirken. Die lokale Rekonstitution von C57BL/6 KitW-sh/W-sh Mäusen mit knochenmarksgenerierten MZ normalisierte diesen Effekt. Die quantitative histomorphometrische Untersuchung der MZ bestätigte zusätzlich eine starke Degranulation der MZ nach Thrombininjektion nach. PCR-Analysen der MZ wiesen die Expression aller bekannten Thrombin-Rezeptoren. Die Stimulation mit verschiedenen Konzentrationen von Thrombin oder PAR-agonistischen Peptiden führte zu einer dosis-abhängigen Degranulation der MZ, was nahe legt, dass die Degranulation der MZ für die Limitierung der thrombin-induzierten Entzündung nötig ist. Gestützt wird die Hypothese durch die Tatsache, dass Zellkulturüberstand von degranulierten MZ zu einer Inaktivierung der Thrombinaktivität führt. Des Weiteren führte die Injektion von Thrombin in die Ohren von MCTP4-defizienten Mäusen zu einer deutlich erhöhten Ohrschwellung im Vergleich zur korrespondierenden Wildtyp-Maus. Zusammengenommen zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die sofortige thrombin-induzierte Entzündungsreaktion durch kutane MZ kontrolliert wird. Dieser Mechanismus wird teilweise durch MCPT4 vermittelt.

          Abstract

          In addition to its function in the coagulation system, thrombin mediates inflammatory reactions. Mast cells (MCs) are characterized by releasing inflammatory mediators like mouse mast cell proteases (MCPTs, also designated mMCPs), cytokines, and chemokines, upon activation. Since thrombin-receptors, also known as Proteinase-activated receptors (PAR), are expressed by MCs, it was questioned whether MC activation via the thrombin/PAR axis plays a role in skin inflammation. Intracutaneous injection of thrombin in ears of C57BL/6 Kit+/+ mice induced immediate inflammatory skin reactions associated with a distinct ear swelling. This swelling was more pronounced in MC-deficient C57BL/6 KitW-sh/W-sh mice, indicating that MCs are anti-inflammatory, local reconstitution of C57BL/6 KitW-sh/W-sh mice with C57BL/6 Kit+/+ bone marrow-derived MCs normalized this effect. Additionally thrombin injection resulted in a strong degranulation of MCs assessed by quantitative histomorphometry. PCR analysis of MCs displayed expression of all known thrombin receptors. Stimulation with thrombin or PAR agonistic peptides resulted in a dose-dependent degranulation of MC, suggesting MC degranulation could be necessary for the limitation of thrombin-induced inflammatory responses. Supporting this hypothesis, supernatant from degranulated MCs inactivated thrombin activity. Furthermore, injection of thrombin in ears of C57BL/6 MCPT4-deficient mice, resulted in markedly increased ear swelling compared to the corresponding wild type mice. Together our results suggest that thrombin-induced immediate inflammatory skin reactions are controlled by cutaneous MCs, a mechanism partly mediated via MCPT4.

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          Most cited references119

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          Molecular cloning of a functional thrombin receptor reveals a novel proteolytic mechanism of receptor activation.

          We isolated a cDNA encoding a functional human thrombin receptor by direct expression cloning in Xenopus oocytes. mRNA encoding this receptor was detected in human platelets and vascular endothelial cells. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed a new member of the seven transmembrane domain receptor family with a large amino-terminal extracellular extension containing a remarkable feature. A putative thrombin cleavage site (LDPR/S) resembling the activation cleavage site in the zymogen protein C (LDPR/I) was noted 41 amino acids carboxyl to the receptor's start methionine. A peptide mimicking the new amino terminus created by cleavage at R41 was a potent agonist for both thrombin receptor activation and platelet activation. "Uncleavable" mutant thrombin receptors failed to respond to thrombin but were responsive to the new amino-terminal peptide. These data reveal a novel signaling mechanism in which thrombin cleaves its receptor's amino-terminal extension to create a new receptor amino terminus that functions as a tethered ligand and activates the receptor.
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            Atopic dermatitis.

            Atopic dermatitis is a highly pruritic chronic inflammatory skin disorder affecting 10-20% of children worldwide. Symptoms can persist or begin in adulthood. It is also the most common cause of occupational skin disease in adults. This disease results from an interaction between susceptibility genes, the host's environment, pharmacological abnormalities, skin barrier defects, and immunological factors. New management approaches have evolved from advances in our understanding of the pathobiology of this common skin disorder.
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              Mast cells as a source of both preformed and immunologically inducible TNF-alpha/cachectin.

              Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)/cachectin is a multifunctional cytokine that has effects in inflammation, sepsis, lipid and protein metabolism, haematopoiesis, angiogenesis and host resistance to parasites and malignancy. TNF-alpha was first described in activated macrophages, but certain mouse or rat mast cell populations (reviewed in refs 4,5) and some in vitro-derived human cells with cytochemical features of mast cells-basophils may also contain products similar to TNF-alpha. Here we present evidence that resident mouse peritoneal mast cells constitutively contain large amounts of TNF-alpha bioactivity, whereas cultured, immature mast cells vary in their TNF-alpha content. IgE-dependent activation of cultured or peritoneal mast cells induces extracellular release of TNF-alpha and augments levels of TNF-alpha messenger RNA and bioactivity. These findings identify mouse mast cells as an important source of both preformed and immunologically inducible TNF-alpha, and suggest that release of TNF-alpha by mast cells may contribute to host defence, the pathophysiology of allergic diseases and other processes dependent on TNF-alpha.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, Humboldt-Universität (kvv )
                21 February 2012
                Article
                oai:HUBerlin.de:39148
                c8b2d76e-9bc9-4609-afef-c66052ede0d2
                History

                Biologie,Biowissenschaften, Biologie,XG 4300,Entzündung,Thrombin,thrombin,Mastzellen,Proteinase-aktivierbare Rezeptoren,in vivo Untersuchungen,mast cells,proetinase-activated receptors,in vivo analysis

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