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      Neural correlates of the DMT experience assessed with multivariate EEG

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          Abstract

          Studying transitions in and out of the altered state of consciousness caused by intravenous (IV) N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT - a fast-acting tryptamine psychedelic) offers a safe and powerful means of advancing knowledge on the neurobiology of conscious states. Here we sought to investigate the effects of IV DMT on the power spectrum and signal diversity of human brain activity (6 female, 7 male) recorded via multivariate EEG, and plot relationships between subjective experience, brain activity and drug plasma concentrations across time. Compared with placebo, DMT markedly reduced oscillatory power in the alpha and beta bands and robustly increased spontaneous signal diversity. Time-referenced and neurophenomenological analyses revealed close relationships between changes in various aspects of subjective experience and changes in brain activity. Importantly, the emergence of oscillatory activity within the delta and theta frequency bands was found to correlate with the peak of the experience - particularly its eyes-closed visual component. These findings highlight marked changes in oscillatory activity and signal diversity with DMT that parallel broad and specific components of the subjective experience, thus advancing our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of immersive states of consciousness.

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          FieldTrip: Open Source Software for Advanced Analysis of MEG, EEG, and Invasive Electrophysiological Data

          This paper describes FieldTrip, an open source software package that we developed for the analysis of MEG, EEG, and other electrophysiological data. The software is implemented as a MATLAB toolbox and includes a complete set of consistent and user-friendly high-level functions that allow experimental neuroscientists to analyze experimental data. It includes algorithms for simple and advanced analysis, such as time-frequency analysis using multitapers, source reconstruction using dipoles, distributed sources and beamformers, connectivity analysis, and nonparametric statistical permutation tests at the channel and source level. The implementation as toolbox allows the user to perform elaborate and structured analyses of large data sets using the MATLAB command line and batch scripting. Furthermore, users and developers can easily extend the functionality and implement new algorithms. The modular design facilitates the reuse in other software packages.
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            Alpha-band oscillations, attention, and controlled access to stored information

            Alpha-band oscillations are the dominant oscillations in the human brain and recent evidence suggests that they have an inhibitory function. Nonetheless, there is little doubt that alpha-band oscillations also play an active role in information processing. In this article, I suggest that alpha-band oscillations have two roles (inhibition and timing) that are closely linked to two fundamental functions of attention (suppression and selection), which enable controlled knowledge access and semantic orientation (the ability to be consciously oriented in time, space, and context). As such, alpha-band oscillations reflect one of the most basic cognitive processes and can also be shown to play a key role in the coalescence of brain activity in different frequencies.
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              The origin of extracellular fields and currents--EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes.

              Neuronal activity in the brain gives rise to transmembrane currents that can be measured in the extracellular medium. Although the major contributor of the extracellular signal is the synaptic transmembrane current, other sources--including Na(+) and Ca(2+) spikes, ionic fluxes through voltage- and ligand-gated channels, and intrinsic membrane oscillations--can substantially shape the extracellular field. High-density recordings of field activity in animals and subdural grid recordings in humans, combined with recently developed data processing tools and computational modelling, can provide insight into the cooperative behaviour of neurons, their average synaptic input and their spiking output, and can increase our understanding of how these processes contribute to the extracellular signal.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                c.timmermann-slater15@imperial.ac.uk
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                19 November 2019
                19 November 2019
                2019
                : 9
                : 16324
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, GRID grid.7445.2, Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, , Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, ; London, UK
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, GRID grid.7445.2, Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (C3NL), , Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, ; London, UK
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2322 4988, GRID grid.8591.5, Department of Basic Neurosciences, , University of Geneva, ; Geneva, Switzerland
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, GRID grid.4991.5, Faculty of Philosophy, , University of Oxford, ; Oxford, United Kingdom
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0372 3343, GRID grid.9654.e, School of Pharmacy, , The University of Auckland, ; Auckland, New Zealand
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9919 9582, GRID grid.8761.8, PKDM Unit, Department of Pharmacology, , University of Gothenburg, ; Gothenburg, Sweden
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, GRID grid.7445.2, Imperial Clinical Research Facility, , Imperial College London, ; London, UK
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, GRID grid.7445.2, Centre for Psychiatry, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, , Imperial College, ; London, UK
                [9 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2322 6764, GRID grid.13097.3c, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, , King’s College London, ; London, UK
                [10 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2322 6764, GRID grid.13097.3c, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, , Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, ; London, UK
                [11 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, GRID grid.4991.5, Department of Psychiatry, , University of Oxford, ; Oxford, UK
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2281-377X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6965-6073
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-6211
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2911-2375
                Article
                51974
                10.1038/s41598-019-51974-4
                6864083
                31745107
                c8d4397d-7edf-4e92-a46f-e5660daf8d8a
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 13 May 2019
                : 4 October 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Chile)
                Funded by: Imperial College President's PhD Scholarship Scheme and Albert Hobohm
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100013266, RCUK | STFC | Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council (Central Laser Facility at the STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory);
                Funded by: SM is supported by a Rutherford Discovery Fellowship
                Funded by: DJN is supported by the Safra Foundation (DJN is the Edmond J. Safra Professor of Neuropsychopharmacology)
                Funded by: RCH is supported by the Alex Mosley Charitable Trust and Ad Astra Chandaria Foundation
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Uncategorized
                consciousness,perception,human behaviour
                Uncategorized
                consciousness, perception, human behaviour

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