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      Evaluation of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and MALDI BioTyper in comparison to 16S rDNA sequencing for the identification of bacteria isolated from Arctic sea water

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          Abstract

          MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry in association with the MALDI BioTyper 3.1 software has been evaluated for the identification and classification of 45 Arctic bacteria isolated from Kandalaksha Bay (White Sea, Russia). The high reliability of this method has been already demonstrated, in clinical microbiology, by a number of studies showing high attribution concordance with other credited analyses. Recently, it has been employed also in other branches of microbiology with controversial performance. The phyloproteomic results reported in this study were validated with those obtained by the “gold standard” 16S rDNA analysis. Concordance between the two methods was 100% at the genus level, while at the species level it was 48%. These percentages appeared to be quite high compared with other studies regarding environmental bacteria. However, the performance of MALDI BioTyper changed in relation to the taxonomical group analyzed, reflecting known identification problems related to certain genera. In our case, attribution concordance for Pseudomonas species was rather low (29%), confirming the problematic taxonomy of this genus, whereas that of strains from other genera was quite high (> 60%). Among the isolates tested in this study, two strains ( Exiguobacterium oxidotolerans and Pseudomonas costantinii) were misidentified by MALDI BioTyper due to absence of reference spectra in the database. Accordingly, missing spectra were acquired for the database implementation.

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          Ongoing revolution in bacteriology: routine identification of bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

          Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry accurately identifies both selected bacteria and bacteria in select clinical situations. It has not been evaluated for routine use in the clinic. We prospectively analyzed routine MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identification in parallel with conventional phenotypic identification of bacteria regardless of phylum or source of isolation. Discrepancies were resolved by 16S ribosomal RNA and rpoB gene sequence-based molecular identification. Colonies (4 spots per isolate directly deposited on the MALDI-TOF plate) were analyzed using an Autoflex II Bruker Daltonik mass spectrometer. Peptidic spectra were compared with the Bruker BioTyper database, version 2.0, and the identification score was noted. Delays and costs of identification were measured. Of 1660 bacterial isolates analyzed, 95.4% were correctly identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry; 84.1% were identified at the species level, and 11.3% were identified at the genus level. In most cases, absence of identification (2.8% of isolates) and erroneous identification (1.7% of isolates) were due to improper database entries. Accurate MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identification was significantly correlated with having 10 reference spectra in the database (P=.01). The mean time required for MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identification of 1 isolate was 6 minutes for an estimated 22%-32% cost of current methods of identification. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is a cost-effective, accurate method for routine identification of bacterial isolates in or =10 reference spectra per bacterial species and a 1.9 identification score (Brucker system). It may replace Gram staining and biochemical identification in the near future.
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            Phylogenetic affiliation of the pseudomonads based on 16S rRNA sequence.

            The broad and vague phenotypic definition allowed the genus Pseudomonas to become a dumping ground for incompletely characterized polarly flagellated, gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic bacteria, and a large number of species have been accommodated in the genus Pseudomonas. The 16S rRNA sequences of 128 valid and invalid Pseudomonas species, which included almost valid species of the genus Pseudomonas listed in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names, were obtained: sequences of 59 species were determined and those of 69 species were obtained from the GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ databases. These sequences were compared with the sequences of other species of the Proteobacteria. Fifty-seven valid or invalid species including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (type species of the genus Pseudomonas Migula 1894) belonged to the genus Pseudomonas (sensu stricto). Seven subclusters were formed in the cluster of the genus Pseudomonas (sensu stricto), and the resulting clusters conformed well to the rRNA-DNA hybridization study by Palleroni (1984). The other species did not belong to the genus Pseudomonas (sensu stricto) and were related to other genera, which were placed in four subclasses of the Proteobacteria (alpha, beta, gamma and gamma-beta subclasses). Twenty-six examined species, which were not included in the cluster of the Pseudomonas (sensu stricto) and have not been transferred to other genera as yet, are listed alphabetically: 'Pseudomonas abikonensis', Pseudomonas antimicrobica, Pseudomonas beijerinckii, Pseudomonas beteli, Pseudomonas boreopolis, 'Pseudomonas butanovora', Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas cissicola, Pseudomonas doudoroffii, Pseudomonas echinoides, Pseudomonas elongata, Pseudomonas flectens, Pseudomonas geniculata, Pseudomonas halophila, Pseudomonas hibiscicola, Pseudomonas huttiensis, Pseudomonas iners, Pseudomonas lanceolata, Pseudomonas lemoignei, Pseudomonas mephitica, Pseudomonas pictorum, Pseudomonas saccharophila, Pseudomonas spinosa, Pseudomonas stanier, Pseudomonas syzygii and Pseudomonas woodsii. The phylogenetic affiliations of these 26 pseudomonads species are shown.
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              DNA sequence-based analysis of the Pseudomonas species.

              Partial sequences of four core 'housekeeping' genes (16S rRNA, gyrB, rpoB and rpoD) of the type strains of 107 Pseudomonas species were analysed in order to obtain a comprehensive view regarding the phylogenetic relationships within the Pseudomonas genus. Gene trees allowed the discrimination of two lineages or intrageneric groups (IG), called IG P. aeruginosa and IG P. fluorescens. The first IG P. aeruginosa, was divided into three main groups, represented by the species P. aeruginosa, P. stutzeri and P. oleovorans. The second IG was divided into six groups, represented by the species P. fluorescens, P. syringae, P. lutea, P. putida, P. anguilliseptica and P. straminea. The P. fluorescens group was the most complex and included nine subgroups, represented by the species P. fluorescens, P. gessardi, P. fragi, P. mandelii, P. jesseni, P. koreensis, P. corrugata, P. chlororaphis and P. asplenii. Pseudomonas rhizospherae was affiliated with the P. fluorescens IG in the phylogenetic analysis but was independent of any group. Some species were located on phylogenetic branches that were distant from defined clusters, such as those represented by the P. oryzihabitans group and the type strains P. pachastrellae, P. pertucinogena and P. luteola. Additionally, 17 strains of P. aeruginosa, 'P. entomophila', P. fluorescens, P. putida, P. syringae and P. stutzeri, for which genome sequences have been determined, have been included to compare the results obtained in the analysis of four housekeeping genes with those obtained from whole genome analyses.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                24 July 2017
                2017
                : 12
                : 7
                : e0181860
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Dipartimento di Ecologia e Biologia, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
                [2 ] Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
                [3 ] Laboratorio di Microbiologia Marina Applicata, CONISMA, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
                Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceptualization: AMT SG MF.

                • Data curation: AMT SG MF.

                • Formal analysis: AMT MF.

                • Funding acquisition: MF.

                • Investigation: AMT SG MF.

                • Methodology: AMT SG MF.

                • Project administration: AMT SG MF.

                • Resources: AMT MF.

                • Software: AMT SG MF.

                • Supervision: AMT MF.

                • Visualization: SG MF.

                • Writing – original draft: AMT SG MF.

                • Writing – review & editing: AMT SG LZ MF.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8504-0885
                Article
                PONE-D-17-01534
                10.1371/journal.pone.0181860
                5524297
                28738078
                c8ecb5be-1a4e-4a40-81a6-33b16d46a5f1
                © 2017 Timperio et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 12 January 2017
                : 7 July 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 1, Pages: 15
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Database and Informatics Methods
                Biological Databases
                Sequence Databases
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Database and Informatics Methods
                Bioinformatics
                Sequence Analysis
                Sequence Databases
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Bacteria
                Pseudomonas
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Bacteria
                Enterobacteriaceae
                Serratia
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Bacteria
                Pseudomonas
                Pseudomonas Fluorescens
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Analytical Chemistry
                Mass Spectrometry
                Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Spectrum Analysis Techniques
                Mass Spectrometry
                Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Phylogenetic Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Phylogenetic Analysis
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Management
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Phylogenetic Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Bacteria
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Management
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper including GenBank accession numbers. Sequence data are available at GenBank database.

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