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      Protocol implementation for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: a before-and-after study in medical and surgical patients 1 Translated title: Implementação de protocolo para profilaxia de tromboembolismo venoso: um estudo antes e depois em pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective

          This study aimed to assess the adequacy of venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis prescription after a protocol implementation.

          Methods

          This was a before-and-after study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Medical and surgical inpatients aged 18 years or older were assessed for VTE risk and subsequently for thromboprophylaxis adequacy, according to their risk. The evaluations occurred before and after the protocol strategy implementation; it consisted of an online platform to access the protocol, a public posting of the protocol diagram, clinical alerts on the medical staff TV, e-mail alerts, and pop-up alerts on the computerized physician order entry system. The main outcome measure was the adequacy of VTE prophylaxis prescription according to the protocol.

          Results

          A total of 429 patients were evaluated for thromboprophylaxis adequacy (213 before and 216 after). The prevalence of adequacy increased from 54% to 63% (pre and post-intervention, respectively), and after adjustment for patient type and phase of the study, the prevalence ratio reached (PR)=1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.42.

          Conclusion

          The results showed that the overall appropriateness of thromboprophylaxis prescription was weakly improved. Despite these results, this study provides evidence to date a bunch of strategies for protocol implementations in private institutions in middle-income countries with an open medical staff, as there are few studies investigating these simple and pragmatic interventions.

          RESUMO

          Objetivo

          Este estudo visou avaliar a adequação da prescrição de profilaxia de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) após a implementação do protocolo.

          Métodos

          Trata-se de um estudo antes e depois realizado em um hospital de cuidados terciários no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos internados, com 18 anos ou mais, foram avaliados para o risco de TEV e, posteriormente, para adequação da tromboprofilaxia, de acordo com o risco. As avaliações ocorreram antes e depois de uma estratégia de implementação de protocolo, que consistiu em uma plataforma on-line para acessar o protocolo, uma postagem pública do diagrama do protocolo, alertas clínicos na sala de convívio médico, alertas de e-mail e alertas pop-up no sistema informatizado de prescrição médica. O Desfecho principal foi a adequação da prescrição de profilaxia do TEV de acordo com o protocolo.

          Resultados

          Foram avaliados 429 pacientes para adequação da tromboprofilaxia (213 antes e 216 depois). A prevalência de adequação aumentou de 54% para 63% (pré e pós-intervenção, respectivamente) e após o ajuste por tipo de paciente e fase do estudo, a razão de prevalência atingiu (RP) = 1,20, intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC) 1,02-1,42.

          Conclusões

          os resultados mostraram que a adequação geral da prescrição de tromboprofilaxia foi discretamente melhorada. Apesar desses resultados, este estudo fornece evidências, até o momento, de uma série de estratégias para implementar o protocolo em instituições privadas em países de renda média com uma equipe médica aberta, pois há poucas pesquisas investigando esse tipo de intervenção simples e pragmática.

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          Most cited references41

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          Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines.

          This guideline addressed VTE prevention in hospitalized medical patients, outpatients with cancer, the chronically immobilized, long-distance travelers, and those with asymptomatic thrombophilia. This guideline follows methods described in Methodology for the Development of Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis Guidelines: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines in this supplement. For acutely ill hospitalized medical patients at increased risk of thrombosis, we recommend anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), low-dose unfractionated heparin (LDUH) bid, LDUH tid, or fondaparinux (Grade 1B) and suggest against extending the duration of thromboprophylaxis beyond the period of patient immobilization or acute hospital stay (Grade 2B). For acutely ill hospitalized medical patients at low risk of thrombosis, we recommend against the use of pharmacologic prophylaxis or mechanical prophylaxis (Grade 1B). For acutely ill hospitalized medical patients at increased risk of thrombosis who are bleeding or are at high risk for major bleeding, we suggest mechanical thromboprophylaxis with graduated compression stockings (GCS) (Grade 2C) or intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) (Grade 2C). For critically ill patients, we suggest using LMWH or LDUH thromboprophylaxis (Grade 2C). For critically ill patients who are bleeding or are at high risk for major bleeding, we suggest mechanical thromboprophylaxis with GCS and/or IPC at least until the bleeding risk decreases (Grade 2C). In outpatients with cancer who have no additional risk factors for VTE we suggest against routine prophylaxis with LMWH or LDUH (Grade 2B) and recommend against the prophylactic use of vitamin K antagonists (Grade 1B). Decisions regarding prophylaxis in nonsurgical patients should be made after consideration of risk factors for both thrombosis and bleeding, clinical context, and patients' values and preferences.
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            The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism

            Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is categorized by the U.S. Surgeon General as a major public health problem. VTE is relatively common and associated with reduced survival and substantial health-care costs, and recurs frequently. VTE is a complex (multifactorial) disease, involving interactions between acquired or inherited predispositions to thrombosis and VTE risk factors, including increasing patient age and obesity, hospitalization for surgery or acute illness, nursing-home confinement, active cancer, trauma or fracture, immobility or leg paresis, superficial vein thrombosis, and, in women, pregnancy and puerperium, oral contraception, and hormone therapy. Although independent VTE risk factors and predictors of VTE recurrence have been identified, and effective primary and secondary prophylaxis is available, the occurrence of VTE seems to be relatively constant, or even increasing.
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              Venous thromboembolism risk and prophylaxis in the acute hospital care setting (ENDORSE study): a multinational cross-sectional study.

              Information about the variation in the risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and in prophylaxis practices around the world is scarce. The ENDORSE (Epidemiologic International Day for the Evaluation of Patients at Risk for Venous Thromboembolism in the Acute Hospital Care Setting) study is a multinational cross-sectional survey designed to assess the prevalence of VTE risk in the acute hospital care setting, and to determine the proportion of at-risk patients who receive effective prophylaxis. All hospital inpatients aged 40 years or over admitted to a medical ward, or those aged 18 years or over admitted to a surgical ward, in 358 hospitals across 32 countries were assessed for risk of VTE on the basis of hospital chart review. The 2004 American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) evidence-based consensus guidelines were used to assess VTE risk and to determine whether patients were receiving recommended prophylaxis. 68 183 patients were enrolled; 30 827 (45%) were categorised as surgical, and 37 356 (55%) as medical. On the basis of ACCP criteria, 35 329 (51.8%; 95% CI 51.4-52.2; between-country range 35.6-72.6) patients were judged to be at risk for VTE, including 19 842 (64.4%; 63.8-64.9; 44.1-80.2) surgical patients and 15 487 (41.5%; 41.0-42.0; 21.1-71.2) medical patients. Of the surgical patients at risk, 11 613 (58.5%; 57.8-59.2; 0.2-92.1) received ACCP-recommended VTE prophylaxis, compared with 6119 (39.5%; 38.7-40.3; 3.1-70.4) at-risk medical patients. A large proportion of hospitalised patients are at risk for VTE, but there is a low rate of appropriate prophylaxis. Our data reinforce the rationale for the use of hospital-wide strategies to assess patients' VTE risk and to implement measures that ensure that at-risk patients receive appropriate prophylaxis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Bras Pneumol
                J Bras Pneumol
                jbpneu
                Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia
                1806-3713
                1806-3756
                20 March 2020
                Jul-Aug 2020
                : 46
                : 4
                : e20180325
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde Cardiologia e Ciências Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil.
                [2 ] originalPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil.
                [3 ] originalAssociação Hospitalar Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil.
                [4 ] originalPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil.
                [5 ] originalEscola de Medicina, Faculdade Meridional, Passo Fundo (RS) Brasil.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Lisiane Freitas Leal. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Tel.: 1 438 866-1729. E-mail: lisianeleal@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4151-8960
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2637-6837
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0086-1890
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-3486
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-8183
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0457-8021
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7491-2630
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3080-3704
                Article
                jbpneuAO20180325_PT 00200
                10.36416/1806-3756/e20180325
                8650146
                32215451
                c90d752e-efae-44d9-a7f4-c28fb2070104
                © 2020 Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 24 October 2018
                : 13 August 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 10, Equations: 0, References: 35
                Categories
                Original Article

                venous thromboembolism,guideline adherence,prevention,thromboprophylaxis,tromboembolismo venoso,adesão as diretrizes,prevenção,tromboprofilaxia

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