Metabolic Effects of Berries with Structurally Diverse Anthocyanins

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Abstract

Overconsumption of energy dense foods and sedentary lifestyle are considered as major causes of obesity-associated insulin resistance and abnormal glucose metabolism. Results from both cohort studies and randomized trials suggested that anthocyanins from berries may lower metabolic risks, however these reports are equivocal. The present study was designed to examine effects of six berries with structurally diverse anthocyanin profiles (normalized to 400 µg/g total anthocyanin content) on development of metabolic risk factors in the C57BL/6 mouse model of polygenic obesity. Diets supplemented with blackberry (mono-glycosylated cyanidins), black raspberry (acylated mono-glycosylated cyanidins), blackcurrant (mono- and di-glycosylated cyanidins and delphinidins), maqui berry (di-glycosylated delphinidins), Concord grape (acylated mono-glycosylated delphinidins and petunidins), and blueberry (mono-glycosylated delphinidins, malvidins, and petunidins) showed a prominent discrepancy between biological activities of delphinidin/malvidin-versus cyanidin-type anthocyanins that could be explained by differences in their structure and metabolism in the gut. Consumption of berries also resulted in a strong shift in the gastrointestinal bacterial communities towards obligate anaerobes that correlated with decrease in the gastrointestinal luminal oxygen and oxidative stress. Further work is needed to understand mechanisms that lead to nearly anoxic conditions in the gut lumens, including the relative contributions of host, diet and/or microbial oxidative activity, and their implication to human health.

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Correlation between intraluminal oxygen gradient and radial partitioning of intestinal microbiota.

Lindsey G Albenberg, Tatiana V. Esipova, Colleen P. Judge … (2014)

The gut microbiota is a complex and densely populated community in a dynamic environment determined by host physiology. We investigated how intestinal oxygen levels affect the composition of the fecal and mucosally adherent microbiota. We used the phosphorescence quenching method and a specially designed intraluminal oxygen probe to dynamically quantify gut luminal oxygen levels in mice. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was used to characterize the microbiota in intestines of mice exposed to hyperbaric oxygen, human rectal biopsy and mucosal swab samples, and paired human stool samples. Average Po2 values in the lumen of the cecum were extremely low (<1 mm Hg). In altering oxygenation of mouse intestines, we observed that oxygen diffused from intestinal tissue and established a radial gradient that extended from the tissue interface into the lumen. Increasing tissue oxygenation with hyperbaric oxygen altered the composition of the gut microbiota in mice. In human beings, 16S ribosomal RNA gene analyses showed an increased proportion of oxygen-tolerant organisms of the Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla associated with rectal mucosa, compared with feces. A consortium of asaccharolytic bacteria of the Firmicute and Bacteroidetes phyla, which primarily metabolize peptones and amino acids, was associated primarily with mucus. This could be owing to the presence of proteinaceous substrates provided by mucus and the shedding of the intestinal epithelium. In an analysis of intestinal microbiota of mice and human beings, we observed a radial gradient of microbes linked to the distribution of oxygen and nutrients provided by host tissue. Copyright © 2014 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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A catalog of the mouse gut metagenome.

Liang Xiao, Qiang Feng, Suisha Liang … (2015)

We established a catalog of the mouse gut metagenome comprising ∼2.6 million nonredundant genes by sequencing DNA from fecal samples of 184 mice. To secure high microbiome diversity, we used mouse strains of diverse genetic backgrounds, from different providers, kept in different housing laboratories and fed either a low-fat or high-fat diet. Similar to the human gut microbiome, >99% of the cataloged genes are bacterial. We identified 541 metagenomic species and defined a core set of 26 metagenomic species found in 95% of the mice. The mouse gut microbiome is functionally similar to its human counterpart, with 95.2% of its Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthologous groups in common. However, only 4.0% of the mouse gut microbial genes were shared (95% identity, 90% coverage) with those of the human gut microbiome. This catalog provides a useful reference for future studies.

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Dietary cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside-rich purple corn color prevents obesity and ameliorates hyperglycemia in mice.

Takanori Tsuda, Fumihiko Horio, Koji Uchida … (2003)

Anthocyanins, which are used as a food coloring, are widely distributed in human diets, suggesting that we ingest large amounts of anthocyanins from plant-based foods. Mice were fed control, cyanidin 3-glucoside-rich purple corn color (PCC), high fat (HF) or HF + PCC diet for 12 wk. Dietary PCC significantly suppressed the HF diet-induced increase in body weight gain, and white and brown adipose tissue weights. Feeding the HF diet markedly induced hypertrophy of the adipocytes in the epididymal white adipose tissue compared with the control group. In contrast, the induction did not occur in the HF + PCC group. The HF diet induced hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia. These perturbations were completely normalized in rats fed HF + PCC. An increase in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNA level occurred in the HF group and was normalized by dietary PCC. These results suggest that dietary PCC may ameliorate HF diet-induced insulin resistance in mice. PCC suppressed the mRNA levels of enzymes involved in fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis and lowered the sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 mRNA level in white adipose tissue. These down-regulations may contribute to triacylglycerol accumulation in white adipose tissue. Our findings provide a biochemical and nutritional basis for the use of PCC or anthocyanins as a functional food factor that may have benefits for the prevention of obesity and diabetes.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Nuno Mateus: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci

Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms

Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067

Publication date (Electronic): 15 February 2017

Publication date Collection: February 2017

Volume: 18

Issue: 2

Electronic Location Identifier: 422

Affiliations

[1 ]Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; jcoveral@ 123456ncsu.edu (J.O.); sabonney@ 123456ncsu.edu (S.A.B.); mlwilso8@ 123456ncsu.edu (M.W.); babeermann@ 123456davidson.edu (A.B.); mhgrace@ 123456ncsu.edu (M.H.G.); daesposi@ 123456ncsu.edu (D.E.); mlila@ 123456ncsu.edu (M.A.L.)

[2 ]Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA

[3 ]Department of Animal Science, NC State University, 120 Broughton Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA

[4 ]Department of Biology, Davidson College, 405 N Main St., Davidson, NC 28035, USA

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: komarnytsky@ 123456ncsu.edu ; Tel.: +1-704-250-5459; Fax: +1-704-250-5425

Article

Publisher ID: ijms-18-00422

DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020422

PMC ID: 5343956

PubMed ID: 28212306

SO-VID: c916dce9-7863-4a88-94da-99d55036d9e2

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

History

Date received : 30 December 2016

Date accepted : 08 February 2017

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Metabolic Effects of Berries with Structurally Diverse Anthocyanins

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Abstract

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Biomarkers for Inflammatory Lung Disease

Most cited references 33

Correlation between intraluminal oxygen gradient and radial partitioning of intestinal microbiota.

A catalog of the mouse gut metagenome.

Dietary cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside-rich purple corn color prevents obesity and ameliorates hyperglycemia in mice.

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