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      Extraction of Aflatoxins from Liquid Foodstuff Samples with Polydopamine-Coated Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles for HPLC-MS/MS Analysis

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          Abstract

          A facile magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of aflatoxins (AFs) from liquid samples was developed using polydopamine-coated magnetic nanoparticles (PD-MNPs) as the adsorbent. PD-MNPs were prepared from amine-terminated MNPs and dopamine via an in situ oxidative self-polymerization approach. Under the selected MSPE conditions, extraction yields ranging from 59.3% for AF G 2 to 89.0% for AF B 1 were obtained with good repeatability. Coupled with HPLC-MS/MS quantification, the MSPE procedure serves not only for sample cleanup but also for AFs enrichment that is highly desired for trace analysis. The proposed MSPE-HPLC-MS/MS method had a linear calibration curve in the concentration range from 0.00600 to 3.00 ng/mL aflatoxin and limits of detection of 0.0012 ng/mL for AF B 1, AF B 2, and AF G 1, and 0.0031 ng/mL for AF G 2.

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          Structure of polydopamine: a never-ending story?

          Jürgen Liebscher, Radosław Mrowczynski, Holger A. Scheidt … (2013)
          Polydopamine (PDA) formed by the oxidation of dopamine is an important polymer, in particular, for coating various surfaces. It is composed of dihydroxyindole, indoledione, and dopamine units, which are assumed to be covalently linked. Although PDA has been applied in a manifold way, its structure is still under discussion. Similarities have been observed in melanins/eumelanins as naturally occurring, deeply colored polymer pigments derived from L-DOPA. Recently, an alternative structure was proposed for PDA wherein dihydroxyindoline, indolinedione, and eventually dopamine units are not covalently linked to each other but are held together by hydrogen bonding between oxygen atoms or π stacking. In this study, we show that this structural proposal is very unlikely to occur taking into account unambiguous results obtained by different analytical methods, among them (13)C CPPI MAS NMR (cross-polarization polarization-inversion magic angle spinning NMR), (1)H MAS NMR (magic angle spinning NMR), and ES-HRMS (electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry) for the first time in addition to XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and FTIR spectroscopy. The results give rise to a verified structural assignment of PDA wherein dihydroxyindole and indoledione units with different degrees of (un)saturation are covalently linked by C-C bonds between their benzene rings. Furthermore, proof of open-chain (dopamine) monomer units in PDA is provided. Advanced DFT calculations imply the arrangements of several PDA chains preferably by quinone-hydroquinone-type interactions in a parallel or antiparallel manner. From all of these results, a number of hypotheses published before could be experimentally supported or were found to be contradictory, thus leading to a better understanding of the PDA structure.
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            Some major mycotoxins and their mycotoxicoses--an overview.

            John L. Richard (2007)
            Mycotoxins likely have existed for as long as crops have been grown but recognition of the true chemical nature of such entities of fungal metabolism was not known until recent times. Conjecturally, there is historical evidence of their presence back as far as the time reported in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Evidence of their periodic, historical occurrence exists until the recognition of aflatoxins in the early 1960s. At that time mycotoxins were considered as a storage phenomenon whereby grains becoming moldy during storage allowed for the production of these secondary metabolites proven to be toxic when consumed by man and other animals. Subsequently, aflatoxins and mycotoxins of several kinds were found to be formed during development of crop plants in the field. The determination of which of the many known mycotoxins are significant can be based upon their frequency of occurrence and/or the severity of the disease that they produce, especially if they are known to be carcinogenic. Among the mycotoxins fitting into this major group would be the aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, ochratoxin and certain ergot alkaloids. The diseases (mycotoxicoses) caused by these mycotoxins are quite varied and involve a wide range of susceptible animal species including humans. Most of these diseases occur after consumption of mycotoxin contaminated grain or products made from such grains but other routes of exposure exist. The diagnosis of mycotoxicoses may prove to be difficult because of the similarity of signs of disease to those caused by other agents. Therefore, diagnosis of a mycotoxicoses is dependent upon adequate testing for mycotoxins involving sampling, sample preparation and analysis.
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              Dopamine as a robust anchor to immobilize functional molecules on the iron oxide shell of magnetic nanoparticles.

              Chenjie Xu, Keming Xu, Hongwei Gu … (2004)
              We report on the use of dopamine (DA) as a robust molecular anchor to link functional molecules to the iron oxide shell of magnetic nanoparticles. Using nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) as the functional molecule, we created a system with an M/Fe2O3-DA-NTA (M = Co or SmCo5.2) nanostructure, which possesses high stability and specificity for separating histidine-tagged proteins. The well-established biocompatibility of iron oxide and the robust covalent bonds between DA and Fe2O3 render this strategy attractive for constructing biofunctional magnetic nanoparticles containing iron oxide.
              Article 0 comments Cited 142 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Agric Food Chem
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Agric. Food Chem
                Journal ID (publisher-id): jf
                Journal ID (coden): jafcau
                Title: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
                Publisher: American Chemical Society
                ISSN (Print): 0021-8561
                ISSN (Electronic): 1520-5118
                Publication date PMC-release: 28 April 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 April 2014
                Publication date (Print): 14 May 2014
                Volume: 62
                Issue: 19
                Pages: 4261-4267
                Affiliations
                [† ]Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University , 1400 Lynch Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
                [‡ ]Department of Biology, Jackson State University , 1400 Lynch Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
                [§ ]Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , South Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China
                Author notes
                [* ]E-mail: (Y.-M.L.) yiming.liu@ 123456jsums.edu . Tel.: 1-601-979-3491.
                [* ]E-mail: (X.L.) liaoxun@ 123456cib.ac.cn . Tel./Fax: +86 28 85229227.
                Article
                DOI: 10.1021/jf501659m
                PMC ID: 4301581
                PubMed ID: 24766417
                SO-VID: c93980a2-c3bf-418a-8b92-9dbe32496426
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society
                License:

                This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes.

                History
                Date received : 13 February 2014
                Date accepted : 28 April 2014
                Date revision received : 25 April 2014
                Funding
                National Institutes of Health, United States
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                document-id-old-9 jf501659m
                document-id-new-14 jf-2014-01659m
                ccc-price

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Food science & Technology
                Keywords: aflatoxin quantification,hplc-ms/ms,sample pretreatment,magnetic solid phase extraction,polydopamine coated magnetic nanoparticles,wine analysis
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Food science & Technology
                Keywords: aflatoxin quantification, hplc-ms/ms, sample pretreatment, magnetic solid phase extraction, polydopamine coated magnetic nanoparticles, wine analysis

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