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      Antimicrobial resistance genes in microbiota associated with sediments and water from the Akaki river in Ethiopia

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          Abstract

          The spread of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens is a global health concern. Most studies report high levels of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the aquatic environment; however, levels associated with sediments are limited. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of ARGs in the sediments and water of the Akaki river in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The diversity and abundance of 84 ARGs and 116 clinically important bacteria were evaluated from the sediments and water collected from five sites in the Akaki river. Most of the ARGs were found in the city close to anthropogenic activities. Water samples collected in the middle catchment of the river contained 71–75% of targeted ARGs, with genes encoding aminoglycoside acetyltransferase ( aac(6)-Ib-cr), aminoglycoside adenylyl transferase ( aadA1), β-lactamase ( bla OXA-10) , quinolone resistance S ( qnrS), macrolide efflux protein A ( mefA), and tetracycline resistance ( tetA), were detected at all sampling sites. Much fewer ARGs were detected in all sediments, and those near the hospitals had the highest diversity and level. Despite the lower levels and diversity, there were no unique ARGs detected in the sediments that were also not detected in the waters. A wide range of clinically relevant pathogens were also detected in the Akaki river. The findings suggest that the water phase, rather than the sediments in the Akaki river, is a potential conduit for the spread of ARGs and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-20684-2.

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          Most cited references51

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          Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis

          Summary Background Infections due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria are threatening modern health care. However, estimating their incidence, complications, and attributable mortality is challenging. We aimed to estimate the burden of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria of public health concern in countries of the EU and European Economic Area (EEA) in 2015, measured in number of cases, attributable deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Methods We estimated the incidence of infections with 16 antibiotic resistance–bacterium combinations from European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net) 2015 data that was country-corrected for population coverage. We multiplied the number of bloodstream infections (BSIs) by a conversion factor derived from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control point prevalence survey of health-care-associated infections in European acute care hospitals in 2011–12 to estimate the number of non-BSIs. We developed disease outcome models for five types of infection on the basis of systematic reviews of the literature. Findings From EARS-Net data collected between Jan 1, 2015, and Dec 31, 2015, we estimated 671 689 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 583 148–763 966) infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, of which 63·5% (426 277 of 671 689) were associated with health care. These infections accounted for an estimated 33 110 (28 480–38 430) attributable deaths and 874 541 (768 837–989 068) DALYs. The burden for the EU and EEA was highest in infants (aged <1 year) and people aged 65 years or older, had increased since 2007, and was highest in Italy and Greece. Interpretation Our results present the health burden of five types of infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria expressed, for the first time, in DALYs. The estimated burden of infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and EEA is substantial compared with that of other infectious diseases, and has increased since 2007. Our burden estimates provide useful information for public health decision-makers prioritising interventions for infectious diseases. Funding European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
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            Call of the wild: antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments.

            Antibiotic-resistant pathogens are profoundly important to human health, but the environmental reservoirs of resistance determinants are poorly understood. The origins of antibiotic resistance in the environment is relevant to human health because of the increasing importance of zoonotic diseases as well as the need for predicting emerging resistant pathogens. This Review explores the presence and spread of antibiotic resistance in non-agricultural, non-clinical environments and demonstrates the need for more intensive investigation on this subject.
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              Co-selection of antibiotic and metal resistance.

              There is growing concern that metal contamination functions as a selective agent in the proliferation of antibiotic resistance. Documented associations between the types and levels of metal contamination and specific patterns of antibiotic resistance suggest that several mechanisms underlie this co-selection process. These co-selection mechanisms include co-resistance (different resistance determinants present on the same genetic element) and cross-resistance (the same genetic determinant responsible for resistance to antibiotics and metals). Indirect but shared regulatory responses to metal and antibiotic exposure such as biofilm induction also represent potential co-selection mechanisms used by prokaryotes. Metal contamination, therefore, represents a long-standing, widespread and recalcitrant selection pressure with both environmental and clinical importance that potentially contributes to the maintenance and spread of antibiotic resistance factors.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                jana.jass@oru.se
                Journal
                Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
                Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
                Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                0944-1344
                1614-7499
                18 May 2022
                18 May 2022
                2022
                : 29
                : 46
                : 70040-70055
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.7123.7, ISNI 0000 0001 1250 5688, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, , Addis Ababa University, ; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
                [2 ]GRID grid.15895.30, ISNI 0000 0001 0738 8966, School of Science and Technology, The Life Science Center - Biology, , Örebro University, ; 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
                [3 ]GRID grid.418720.8, ISNI 0000 0000 4319 4715, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, ; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
                Author notes

                Responsible Editor: Robert Duran

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7957-0310
                Article
                20684
                10.1007/s11356-022-20684-2
                9512891
                35583762
                c94eb444-6d78-471f-91f1-07bde918e0d9
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 29 October 2021
                : 3 May 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: SIDA, Swedish International Development Agency
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001862, Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas;
                Award ID: 219-2014-837
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Örebro University
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022

                General environmental science
                aquatic sediments,antimicrobial resistance,antimicrobial resistance genes,urban water,β-lactamase genes,esbl,carbapenemase

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