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      Fisiopatología de la osteoporosis en las enfermedades articulares inflamatorias crónicas Translated title: Pathophysiology of osteoporosis in chronic inflammatory joint diseases

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          Abstract

          Resumen El sistema inmune y el hueso comparten con frecuencia los mismos nichos y espacios anatómicos, existiendo una estrecha relación funcional entre ambos. Esto hace que haya una interacción constante entre ellos, con un flujo bidireccional de información entre las células inmunes y las del tejido óseo (osteoclastos, osteoblastos y osteocitos), muchas veces desconocida, en la que intervienen múltiples mediadores inflamatorios y diversos factores de crecimiento y diferenciación celular. Ello conduce a una interacción muy estrecha entre inflamación y pérdida ósea. De hecho, la osteoporosis (OP) es una de las complicaciones sistémicas más frecuentes en las enfermedades inflamatorias crónicas (EIC). La prevalencia de OP en las EIC es variable y depende de cada escenario patológico. La artritis reumatoide (AR) es una de las enfermedades paradigmáticas de inflamación crónica, donde la presencia de OP es frecuente, apareciendo incluso antes de que aparezcan los primeros síntomas de la enfermedad. La patogenia de la OP asociada a la AR es compleja e incluye la colaboración de múltiples citoquinas proinflamatorias que favorecen la osteoclastogénesis e inhiben la formación ósea. Entre todas destacan el factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (conocido en inglés como TNF-α) y diversas interleuquinas (IL) como IL-1, IL-6 e IL-17. De todas, IL-6 tiene un papel jerárquico relevante. En esta revisión se repasa el papel de las citoquinas proinflamatorias en la destrucción ósea y articular en diferentes EIC, con especial énfasis en la AR, planteándose las bases de posibles vías que abran nuevos horizontes terapéuticos en el marco de las EIC.

          Translated abstract

          Summary The immune system and the bone often share the same anatomical niches and spaces, as there is a close functional relationship between both of them. As a consequence, there is a constant interaction between them and a bidirectional flow of information between the immune cells and those of the bone tissue (osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes) often unknown, in which multiple inflammatory mediators and various growth and cell differentiation factors are involved. This leads to a very close interaction between inflammation and bone loss. In fact, osteoporosis (OP) is one of the most frequent systemic complications in chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs). The prevalence of OP in CIDs depends on each pathological scenario. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a paradigmatic disease which causes chronic inflammation, where the presence of OP is frequent and shows even prior to the appearance of the first symptoms of the RA. The pathogenesis of RA-associated OP is complex and includes the cooperation of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines that promote osteoclastogenesis and inhibit bone formation. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and different interleukins (IL), such as IL-1, IL-6 and IL-17, stand out among all, IL-6 having a relevant hierarchical role. In this study, we review the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in bone and joint destruction in different CIDs, giving special emphasis to RA, as we set out the bases of possible pathways that open new therapeutic horizons in the their framework.

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          Most cited references58

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          Translating IL-6 biology into effective treatments

          In 1973, IL-6 was identified as a soluble factor that is secreted by T cells and is important for antibody production by B cells. Since its discovery more than 40 years ago, the IL-6 pathway has emerged as a pivotal pathway involved in immune regulation in health and dysregulation in many diseases. Targeting of the IL-6 pathway has led to innovative therapeutic approaches for various rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, adult-onset Still’s disease, giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis, as well as other conditions such as Castleman disease and cytokine release syndrome. Targeting this pathway has also identified avenues for potential expansion into several other indications, such as uveitis, neuromyelitis optica and, most recently, COVID-19 pneumonia. To mark the tenth anniversary of anti-IL-6 receptor therapy worldwide, we discuss the history of research into IL-6 biology and the development of therapies that target IL-6 signalling, including the successes and challenges and with an emphasis on rheumatic diseases.
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            Osteoimmunology: The Conceptual Framework Unifying the Immune and Skeletal Systems.

            The immune and skeletal systems share a variety of molecules, including cytokines, chemokines, hormones, receptors, and transcription factors. Bone cells interact with immune cells under physiological and pathological conditions. Osteoimmunology was created as a new interdisciplinary field in large part to highlight the shared molecules and reciprocal interactions between the two systems in both heath and disease. Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) plays an essential role not only in the development of immune organs and bones, but also in autoimmune diseases affecting bone, thus effectively comprising the molecule that links the two systems. Here we review the function, gene regulation, and signal transduction of osteoimmune molecules, including RANKL, in the context of osteoclastogenesis as well as multiple other regulatory functions. Osteoimmunology has become indispensable for understanding the pathogenesis of a number of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We review the various osteoimmune pathologies, including the bone destruction in RA, in which pathogenic helper T cell subsets [such as IL-17-expressing helper T (Th17) cells] induce bone erosion through aberrant RANKL expression. We also focus on cellular interactions and the identification of the communication factors in the bone marrow, discussing the contribution of bone cells to the maintenance and regulation of hematopoietic stem and progenitors cells. Thus the time has come for a basic reappraisal of the framework for understanding both the immune and bone systems. The concept of a unified osteoimmune system will be absolutely indispensable for basic and translational approaches to diseases related to bone and/or the immune system.
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              2017 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis

              To develop recommendations for prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                romm
                Revista de Osteoporosis y Metabolismo Mineral
                Rev Osteoporos Metab Miner
                Sociedad Española de Investigaciones Óseas y Metabolismo Mineral (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1889-836X
                2173-2345
                March 2021
                : 13
                : 1
                : 32-38
                Affiliations
                [01] Madrid orgnameInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa orgdiv1Hospital Universitario de La Princesa orgdiv2Servicio de Reumatología España
                [02] Madrid Madrid orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid orgdiv1Cátedra UAM-Roche EPID*-Futuro (*Enfermedades Pulmonares Intersticiales Difusas) Spain
                [03] Madrid orgnameServicios Integrales de Gestión Médica (SIGEMED) España
                [04] Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario La Paz orgdiv1Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Universitario La Paz(IdiPAZ) orgdiv2Servicio de Reumatología España
                Article
                S1889-836X2021000100006 S1889-836X(21)01300100006
                10.4321/s1889-836x2021000100006
                c9584602-6c7d-483d-91d6-af3612e7b87c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 31 January 2021
                : 26 February 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 58, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisión

                artritis reumatoide,artritis psoriásica,espondilitis anquilosante,fisiopatología,interleuquinas,IL-6,tratamiento,osteoporosis,rheumatoid arthritis,psoriatic arthritis,ankylosing spondylitis,pathophysiology,interleukins,treatment

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