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      Pericarditis crónica y taponamiento cardiaco en paciente con VIH/SIDA Translated title: Chronic pericarditis and cardiac tamponade in an HIV/AIDS-positive patient

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          Abstract

          Resumen: La pericarditis es la complicación cardiaca más frecuente del SIDA debido a múltiples causas; esta afectación pericárdica puede manifestarse como pericarditis aguda, pericarditis constrictiva, derrame pericárdico sintomático y taponamiento cardiaco. El objetivo del trabajo es presentar a un enfermo con SIDA y pericarditis crónica con un taponamiento cardiaco días próximos al inicio de sus manifestaciones cardiovasculares. Presentación de caso: Enfermo masculino de 40 años de edad con diagnóstico de SIDA que presentó un derrame con taponamiento cardiaco; fue tratado mediante una toracotomía anterolateral izquierda; se encontró un derrame hemorrágico, con un litro de sangre; se realizó una pericardiectomía anterior. El diagnóstico histológico fue pericarditis fibrinosa crónica con áreas de hemorragia. La evolución fue satisfactoria. En la consulta externa no se presentaron otras complicaciones cardiovasculares. Conclusiones: Los enfermos con VIH con derrames y pericarditis deben ser tratados igual que los otros pacientes, teniendo en cuenta que la causa puede ser multifactorial. La elección del método depende de la forma clínica, la causa y necesidad de diagnóstico, el riesgo quirúrgico, la experiencia del médico y la institución, las características anatómicas del derrame y el fracaso de procedimientos terapéuticos anteriores.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Pericarditis is the most frequent cardiac complication in AIDS due to multiple causes; this pericardial involvement can manifest as acute pericarditis, constrictive pericarditis, symptomatic pericardial effusion, and cardiac tamponade. Our objective is to report a patient with AIDS and chronic pericarditis with a cardiac tamponade a few days after the onset of cardiovascular manifestations. Case report: Forty-year-old male diagnosed with AIDS who presented an effusion with cardiac tamponade; he was treated by means of a left anterolateral thoracotomy; a hemorrhagic effusion was found, with a liter of blood; an anterior pericardiectomy was performed. The histological diagnosis was chronic fibrinous pericarditis with hemorrhagic areas. The evolution was satisfactory. In the outpatient clinic, there were no other cardiovascular complications. Conclusions: HIV-positive patients with effusions and pericarditis should be treated the same as other patients, bearing in mind that the cause may be multifactorial. The choice of method depends on the clinical form, the cause and need for diagnosis, the surgical risk, the experience of the doctor and the institution, the anatomical characteristics of the effusion and the failure of previous therapeutic procedures.

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          Most cited references16

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          Contribution of the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic to de novo presentations of heart disease in the Heart of Soweto Study cohort.

          The contemporary impact of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic on heart disease in South Africa (>5 million people affected) is unknown. The Heart of Soweto Study provides a unique opportunity to identify the contribution of cardiac manifestations of this epidemic to de novo presentations of heart disease in an urban African community in epidemiological transition. Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital services the >1 million people living in Soweto, South Africa. A prospective, clinical registry captured data from all de novo cases of heart disease presenting to the Cardiology Unit during 2006-08. We describe all cases where HIV/AIDS was concurrently diagnosed. Overall, 518 of 5328 de novo cases of heart disease were identified as HIV-positive (9.7%) with 54% of these prescribed highly active anti-retroviral therapies on presentation. Women (62%) and Africans (97%) predominated with women being significantly younger than men 38 ± 13 vs. 42 ± 13 years (P = 0.002). The most common primary diagnosis attributable to HIV/AIDS was HIV-related cardiomyopathy (196 cases, 38%); being prescribed more anti-retroviral therapy (127/196 vs. 147/322; odds ratio 2.85, 95% confidence interval 1.81-3.88) with higher viral loads [median 110 000 (inter-quartile range 26 000-510 000) vs. 19 000 (3200-87 000); P = 0.018] and a lower CD4 count [median 180 (71-315) vs. 211 (96-391); P = 0.019] than the rest. An additional 128 cases (25%) were diagnosed with pericarditis/pericardial effusion with a range of other concurrent diagnoses evident, including 42 cases (8.1%) of HIV-related pulmonary arterial hypertension. Only 14 of all 581 cases of coronary artery disease (CAD) (2.4%, mean age 41 ± 13 years) were confirmed HIV-positive. Cardiac manifestations of HIV/AIDS identified within this cohort were relatively infrequent. While HIV-related cardiomyopathy and pericardial disease remain important targets for early detection and treatment in this setting, HIV-related cases of CAD remain at historically low levels.
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            Cardiac manifestations of HIV infection: an African perspective.

            The pericardium, myocardium, coronary arteries and pulmonary arteries are the main targets for cardiac disease in people who are infected with HIV. Geography and access to highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) have a major influence on which of these targets is affected. In sub-Saharan Africa, where tuberculosis is endemic and access to HAART is limited, the dominant forms of HIV-associated heart disease are pericardial tuberculosis and cardiomyopathy. However, in industrialized countries, where tuberculosis is rare and HAART is widely available, coronary artery disease is the main cause of death and disability in these patients. Observational data suggest that HAART, by preserving immune function, reduces the incidence of myopericardial disease and pulmonary hypertension. The result has been that, although optimal strategies to reduce vascular disease in this population continue to be sought and debated in industrialized nations, the focus of prevention and treatment strategies for HIV-related heart disease in developing countries has been to support the active campaigns to get universal access to HAART in the first place. Herein, we review the cardiac manifestations of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.
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              Cardiovascular complications and atherosclerotic manifestations in the HIV-infected population: type, incidence and associated risk factors.

              Before the introduction of successful antiretroviral therapy (ART), cardiovascular complications in HIV-infected patients were largely those resulting from immunosuppression (e.g. myocarditis, pericarditis, tamponade). With the advent of ART, there has been a spectacular decrease in morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals. However, alongside metabolic complications caused by ART such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy syndrome have been observed, which potentially increase the risk of cardiovascular complications, in particular coronary artery disease. Whether HIV infection and ART are independent and individual coronary risk factors is still controversial. More and more data are available demonstrating that increasing the duration of exposure to ART, and in particular protease inhibitors, increases the risk of myocardial infarction. At the same time, chronic infection, inflammation and the disruption of immune balance as a result of HIV infection itself may have the potential to alter vascular structure and function. In this article, we will review cardiovascular complications in HIV-infected patients before and after the advent of ART, focusing on coronary artery disease, its diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                cg
                Cirujano general
                Cir. gen
                Asociación Mexicana de Cirugía General A.C. (México, DF, Mexico )
                1405-0099
                September 2018
                : 40
                : 3
                : 189-194
                Affiliations
                [2] La Habana orgnameHospital "Comandante Manuel Fajardo" Cuba
                [3] La Habana orgnameHospital "Comandante Manuel Fajardo" Cuba
                [1] La Habana orgnameHospital "Comandante Manuel Fajardo" Cuba
                Article
                S1405-00992018000300189
                c96a4623-537e-4dbb-8b4f-cf0369a9e8d6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 June 2017
                : 25 April 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 16, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Casos clínicos

                Effusion,Derrames,cardiac tamponade,pericardiocentesis,taponamiento cardiaco

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