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      Members of the genus Burkholderia: good and bad guys

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      Author(s): a , 1 , 2
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: F1000Research
      Publisher: F1000Research

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          Abstract

          In the 1990s several biocontrol agents on that contained Burkholderia strains were registered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). After risk assessment these products were withdrawn from the market and a moratorium was placed on the registration of Burkholderia-containing products, as these strains may pose a risk to human health. However, over the past few years the number of novel Burkholderia species that exhibit plant-beneficial properties and are normally not isolated from infected patients has increased tremendously. In this commentary we wish to summarize recent efforts that aim at discerning pathogenic from beneficial Burkholderia strains.

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          The changing microbial epidemiology in cystic fibrosis.

          John J LiPuma (2010)
          Infection of the airways remains the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in persons with cystic fibrosis (CF). This review describes salient features of the epidemiologies of microbial species that are involved in respiratory tract infection in CF. The apparently expanding spectrum of species causing infection in CF and recent changes in the incidences and prevalences of infection due to specific bacterial, fungal, and viral species are described. The challenges inherent in tracking and interpreting rates of infection in this patient population are discussed.
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            Endophytic colonization of Vitis vinifera L. by plant growth-promoting bacterium Burkholderia sp. strain PsJN.

            Stéphane Compant, Birgit Reiter, Angela Sessitsch … (2005)
            Patterns of colonization of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay plantlets by a plant growth-promoting bacterium, Burkholderia sp. strain PsJN, were studied under gnotobiotic conditions. Wild-type strain PsJN and genetically engineered derivatives of this strain tagged with gfp (PsJN::gfp2x) or gusA (PsJN::gusA11) genes were used to enumerate and visualize tissue colonization. The rhizospheres of 4- to 5-week-old plantlets with five developed leaves were inoculated with bacterial suspensions. Epiphytic and endophytic colonization patterns were then monitored by dilution plating assays and microscopic observation of organ sections. Bacteria were chronologically detected first on root surfaces, then in root internal tissues, and finally in the fifth internode and the tissues of the fifth leaf. Analysis of the PsJN colonization patterns showed that this strain colonizes grapevine root surfaces, as well as cell walls and the whole surface of some rhizodermal cells. Cells were also abundant at lateral root emergence sites and root tips. Furthermore, cell wall-degrading endoglucanase and endopolygalacturonase secreted by PsJN explained how the bacterium gains entry into root internal tissues. Host defense reactions were observed in the exodermis and in several cortical cell layers. Bacteria were not observed on stem and leaf surfaces but were found in xylem vessels of the fifth internode and the fifth leaf of plantlets. Moreover, bacteria were more abundant in the fifth leaf than in the fifth internode and were found in substomatal chambers. Thus, it seems that Burkholderia sp. strain PsJN induces a local host defense reaction and systemically spreads to aerial parts through the transpiration stream.
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              Pathogenic fungus harbours endosymbiotic bacteria for toxin production.

              Laila Partida-Martínez, Christian Hertweck (2005)
              A number of plant pathogenic fungi belonging to the genus Rhizopus are infamous for causing rice seedling blight. This plant disease is typically initiated by an abnormal swelling of the seedling roots without any sign of infection by the pathogen. This characteristic symptom is in fact caused by the macrocyclic polyketide metabolite rhizoxin that has been isolated from cultures of Rhizopus sp.. The phytotoxin exerts its destructive effect by binding to rice beta-tubulin, which results in inhibition of mitosis and cell cycle arrest. Owing to its remarkably strong antimitotic activity in most eukaryotic cells, including various human cancer cell lines, rhizoxin has attracted considerable interest as a potential antitumour drug. Here we show that rhizoxin is not biosynthesized by the fungus itself, but by endosymbiotic, that is, intracellular living, bacteria of the genus Burkholderia. Our unexpected findings unveil a remarkably complex symbiotic-pathogenic relationship that extends the fungus-plant interaction to a third, bacterial, key-player, and opens new perspectives for pest control.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): F1000Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): F1000Res
                Journal ID (pmc): F1000Research
                Title: F1000Research
                Publisher: F1000Research (London, UK )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2046-1402
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 May 2016
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Volume: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: F1000 Faculty Rev-1007
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University Zürich, Zurich, CH-8008, Switzerland
                [2 ]Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
                Author notes

                Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

                Article
                DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8221.1
                PMC ID: 4882756
                PubMed ID: 27303639
                SO-VID: c97eab9d-73ff-4c24-a7f8-59313a078675
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2016 Eberl L and Vandamme P
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date accepted : 23 May 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: Swiss National Fund
                Award ID: 3100A0-104215
                Financial support from the Swiss National Fund (Project 3100A0-104215) to Leo Eberl is gratefully acknowledged.
                The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Subject: Articles
                Subject: Applied Microbiology
                Subject: Cellular Microbiology & Pathogenesis
                Subject: Environmental Microbiology
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Evolution & Genomics
                Subject: Physiological Ecology
                Subject: Plant-Biotic Interactions
                Subject: Plant-Environment Interactions

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