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      Índice de riesgo de obesidad infantil (IROBIC) para áreas administrativas pequeñas en Chile Translated title: Childhood obesity risk index (IROBIC) for small administrative areas in Chile

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: a pesar de la alta prevalencia de la obesidad infantil (OI) globalmente, no existen índices compuestos para estimar los aspectos territoriales asociados al riesgo de OI. Objetivo: elaborar un índice de riesgo de OI (IROBIC) para unidades administrativas pequeñas (comunas) de Chile Métodos: se utilizaron datos de 2019 de fuentes públicas con información de menores de 10 años de todas las comunas de las 2 regiones más grandes. El IROBIC incluye 16 indicadores estandarizados por comuna y agrupados en cuatro dimensiones, determinadas por análisis de componentes principales (salud, socio económica, entornos comunal y educacional). Se determinó el IROBIC mediante una media geométrica ponderada y posteriormente se calcularon las diferencias entre las 10 y 5 comunas con mayores y menores IROBIC y de cada dimensión, con el coeficiente de disparidad Resultados: aun cuando los mayores IROBIC se obtuvieran en comunas más vulnerables, su valor total y el de cada dimensión, mostraron que es posible amortiguar los efectos de la desigualdad sobre la OI. Las 10 y 5 comunas con mayor IROBIC presentan un riesgo, 2,41 y 4,05 veces mayor que las de menor valor, respectivamente. Conclusiones: el IROBIC puede monitorear el riesgo de OI —y factores asociados— desde una perspectiva territorial.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: although the prevalence of childhood obesity (CO) is high globally, there are no composite indices to estimate territorial aspects associated with its risk Objective: to develop an obesity risk index (IROBIC) for small administrative units, called “comunas” in Chile Methods: we used 2019 data from public sources on children under 10 years living in “comunas” of the two largest regions. IROBIC includes 16 indicators standardized for each “comuna” and grouped together into four domains, determined by principal component analysis (health, socio-economic, built-in and educational environments). IROBIC was calculated as a weighted geometric mean. Differences in obesity risk between the 10 and 5 “comunas” with the highest and lowest IROBIC and of each domain, were calculated with the disparity ratio. Results: in spite of the poorest “comunas” having the highest IROBIC, when its value and that for each domain were considered, we observed that the effect of inequality could be mitigated. The 10 and 5 “comunas” with the highest IROBIC have a 2.41 and 4.05 higher risk of CO compared to those with the lowest values Conclusions: IROBIC is a useful tool for monitoring the risk of CO and its factors from a territorial perspective.

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          The built environment and obesity.

          Obesity results from a complex interaction between diet, physical activity, and the environment. The built environment encompasses a range of physical and social elements that make up the structure of a community and may influence obesity. This review summarizes existing empirical research relating the built environment to obesity. The Medline, PsychInfo, and Web of Science databases were searched using the keywords "obesity" or "overweight" and "neighborhood" or "built environment" or "environment." The search was restricted to English-language articles conducted in human populations between 1966 and 2007. To meet inclusion criteria, articles had to 1) have a direct measure of body weight and 2) have an objective measure of the built environment. A total of 1,506 abstracts were obtained, and 20 articles met the inclusion criteria. Most articles (84%) reported a statistically significant positive association between some aspect of the built environment and obesity. Several methodological issues were of concern, including the inconsistency of measurements of the built environment across studies, the cross-sectional design of most investigations, and the focus on aspects of either diet or physical activity but not both. Given the importance of the physical and social contexts of individual behavior and the limited success of individual-based interventions in long-term obesity prevention, more research on the impact of the built environment on obesity is needed.
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            Obesity, diets, and social inequalities.

            Obesity and type 2 diabetes follow a socioeconomic gradient. Highest rates are observed among groups with the lowest levels of education and income and in the most deprived areas. Inequitable access to healthy foods is one mechanism by which socioeconomic factors influence the diet and health of a population. As incomes drop, energy-dense foods that are nutrient poor become the best way to provide daily calories at an affordable cost. By contrast, nutrient-rich foods and high-quality diets not only cost more but are consumed by more affluent groups. This article discusses obesity as an economic phenomenon. Obesity is the toxic consequence of economic insecurity and a failing economic environment.
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              Association of proximity and density of parks and objectively measured physical activity in the United States: A systematic review.

              One strategy for increasing physical activity is to create and enhance access to park space. We assessed the literature on the relationship of parks and objectively measured physical activity in population-based studies in the United States (US) and identified limitations in current built environment and physical activity measurement and reporting. Five English-language scholarly databases were queried using standardized search terms. Abstracts were screened for the following inclusion criteria: 1) published between January 1990 and June 2013; 2) US-based with a sample size greater than 100 individuals; 3) included built environment measures related to parks or trails; and 4) included objectively measured physical activity as an outcome. Following initial screening for inclusion by two independent raters, articles were abstracted into a database. Of 10,949 abstracts screened, 20 articles met the inclusion criteria. Five articles reported a significant positive association between parks and physical activity. Nine studies found no association, and six studies had mixed findings. Our review found that even among studies with objectively measured physical activity, the association between access to parks and physical activity varied between studies, possibly due to heterogeneity of exposure measurement. Self-reported (vs. independently-measured) neighborhood park environment characteristics and smaller (vs. larger) buffer sizes were more predictive of physical activity. We recommend strategies for further research, employing standardized reporting and innovative study designs to better understand the relationship of parks and physical activity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                December 2023
                : 40
                : 6
                : 1144-1151
                Affiliations
                [1] Macul Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA) orgdiv2Unidad de Nutrición Pública Chile
                Article
                S0212-16112023000800005 S0212-1611(23)04000600005
                10.20960/nh.04474
                c97f61d0-5348-4f48-8669-66b5100dda0d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 September 2022
                : 06 March 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Trabajos Originales

                Chile,Municipios,Índice,Obesidad infantil,Municipalities,Index,Childhood obesity

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