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      Exploration of three different nutritional scores in predicting postoperative complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy Translated title: Exploración de tres escalas nutricionales distintas para predecir complicaciones posoperatorias tras la pancreaticoduodenectomía

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          Abstract

          Abstract Objectives: we used the Controlling Nutritional Status score (CONUT), Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), and Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) to explore three different nutritional scores in predicting postoperative complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Methods: data were retrospectively reviewed from 113 patients who underwent PD to treat pancreatic cancer and periampullary neoplasms at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University between 2015 and 2020. Nutritional status was assessed by the CONUT, GNRI, and PNI scores, and patients were categorized as either at risk or not at risk for malnutrition by each score. Postoperative complications were defined according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact probability method and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The relationships between the three nutritional scoring systems and postoperative complications were examined. Results: CONUT, GNRI and PNI scores were closely related to the occurrence of postoperative complications. CONUT (OR = 0.92, 95 % CI, 0.75-1.12, p = 0.043), GNRI (OR = 0.98, 95 % CI, 0.93-1.02, p = 0.036), PNI (OR = 0.96, 95 % CI, 0.89-1.03, p = 0.024), and operation periods (OR = 1.01, 95 % CI, 0.99-1.02, p = 0.034) were independent risk factors for complications in patients after PD. The predictive value of the three nutritional screening methods for overall complications in patients with PD had a sensitivity of 31.8 %, 56.06 % and 74.24 %, a specificity of 85.10 %, 68.08 % and 76.81 %, a Youden index of 0.17, 0.24 and 0.71, and a kappa value of 0.460, 0.389 and 0.472, respectively. The predictive value of the three nutritional screening methods in predicting the severity of complications in patients with PD had a sensitivity of 82.11 %, 58.95 % and 65.26 %, a specificity of 38.89 %, 55.56 % and 66.67 %, a Youden index of 0.21, 0.15 and 0.36, and a kappa value of 0.664, 0.416 and 0.645, respectively. Among the three nutrition scoring systems, PNI score had better diagnostic efficiency (0.660 area under the AUC curve), higher specificity (66.67 %), and was consistent with postoperative complications (KCONUT = 0.664, KGNRI = 0.416, KPNI = 0.645) when compared to the GNRI and CONUT scores. Conclusions: CONUT, GNRI and PNI scores, especially PNI score, have good predictive values for the occurrence and severity of postoperative complications in PD patients, and should be used as preoperative nutritional risk screening tools for PD patients.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Objetivos: se utilizaron las escalas Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT), Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) y Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) para explorar tres puntuaciones nutricionales diferentes en la predicción de las complicaciones posoperatorias después de la pancreaticoduodenectomía (PD). Métodos: en este estudio se revisaron retrospectivamente los datos de 113 pacientes después de una PD entre 2015 y 2020. El estado nutricional se evaluó mediante las puntuaciones CONUT, GNRI y PNI. Se examinaron las relaciones entre tres sistemas de puntuación nutricional y las complicaciones posoperatorias. Resultados: las puntuaciones CONUT, GNRI y PNI estuvieron estrechamente relacionadas con la aparición de complicaciones posoperatorias. CONUT (OR = 0,92, IC del 95 %: 0,75-1,12, p = 0,043), GNRI (OR = 0,98, IC del 95 %: 0,93-1,02, p = 0,036), PNI (OR = 0,96, IC del 95 %: 0,89-1,03, p = 0,024) y períodos de operación (OR = 1,01, IC del 95 %: 0,99-1,02, p = 0,034) fueron factores de riesgo independientes de aparición de complicaciones en los pacientes después de la DP. El valor predictivo de los tres métodos de cribado nutricional para las complicaciones globales de los pacientes con DP tuvo una sensibilidad del 31,8 %, 56,06 % y 74,24 %, una especificidad del 85,10 %, 68,08 % y 76,81 %, un índice de Youden de 0,17, 0,24 y 0,71, y un valor kappa de 0,460, 0,389 y 0,472, respectivamente. El valor predictivo de los tres métodos de cribado nutricional para predecir la gravedad de las complicaciones en pacientes con DP tuvo una sensibilidad del 82,11 %, 58,95 % y 65,26 %, una especificidad del 38,89 %, 55,56 % y 66,67 %, un índice de Youden de 0,21, 0,15 y 0,36, y un valor kappa de 0,664, 0,416 y 0,645, respectivamente. Entre los tres sistemas de puntuación nutricional, la puntuación PNI obtuvo una mejor eficiencia diagnóstica (área bajo la curva AUC: 0,660) y una mayor especificidad (66,67 %), y fue más consistente con respecto a las complicaciones posoperatorias (KCONUT = 0,664, KGNRI = 0,416, KPNI = 0,645), comparada con las puntuaciones GNRI y CONUT. Conclusiones: las puntuaciones CONUT, GNRI y PNI, especialmente la puntuación PNI, tienen buenos valores predictivos para la aparición y gravedad de las complicaciones posoperatorias en pacientes con DP, y deben utilizarse como herramientas de cribado de riesgo nutricional preoperatorio en dichos pacientes con DP.

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          The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy.

          Among the most promising approaches to activating therapeutic antitumour immunity is the blockade of immune checkpoints. Immune checkpoints refer to a plethora of inhibitory pathways hardwired into the immune system that are crucial for maintaining self-tolerance and modulating the duration and amplitude of physiological immune responses in peripheral tissues in order to minimize collateral tissue damage. It is now clear that tumours co-opt certain immune-checkpoint pathways as a major mechanism of immune resistance, particularly against T cells that are specific for tumour antigens. Because many of the immune checkpoints are initiated by ligand-receptor interactions, they can be readily blocked by antibodies or modulated by recombinant forms of ligands or receptors. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) antibodies were the first of this class of immunotherapeutics to achieve US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. Preliminary clinical findings with blockers of additional immune-checkpoint proteins, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), indicate broad and diverse opportunities to enhance antitumour immunity with the potential to produce durable clinical responses.
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            Overweight, Obesity, and Mortality from Cancer in a Prospectively Studied Cohort of U.S. Adults

            The influence of excess body weight on the risk of death from cancer has not been fully characterized. In a prospectively studied population of more than 900,000 U.S. adults (404,576 men and 495,477 women) who were free of cancer at enrollment in 1982, there were 57,145 deaths from cancer during 16 years of follow-up. We examined the relation in men and women between the body-mass index in 1982 and the risk of death from all cancers and from cancers at individual sites, while controlling for other risk factors in multivariate proportional-hazards models. We calculated the proportion of all deaths from cancer that was attributable to overweight and obesity in the U.S. population on the basis of risk estimates from the current study and national estimates of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the U.S. adult population. The heaviest members of this cohort (those with a body-mass index [the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters] of at least 40) had death rates from all cancers combined that were 52 percent higher (for men) and 62 percent higher (for women) than the rates in men and women of normal weight. For men, the relative risk of death was 1.52 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.13 to 2.05); for women, the relative risk was 1.62 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.40 to 1.87). In both men and women, body-mass index was also significantly associated with higher rates of death due to cancer of the esophagus, colon and rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and kidney; the same was true for death due to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Significant trends of increasing risk with higher body-mass-index values were observed for death from cancers of the stomach and prostate in men and for death from cancers of the breast, uterus, cervix, and ovary in women. On the basis of associations observed in this study, we estimate that current patterns of overweight and obesity in the United States could account for 14 percent of all deaths from cancer in men and 20 percent of those in women. Increased body weight was associated with increased death rates for all cancers combined and for cancers at multiple specific sites. Copyright 2003 Massachusetts Medical Society
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              Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) after pancreatic surgery: a suggested definition by the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS).

              Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is one of the most common complications after pancreatic resection. In the literature, the reported incidence of DGE after pancreatic surgery varies considerably between different surgical centers, primarily because an internationally accepted consensus definition of DGE is not available. Several surgical centers use a different definition of DGE. Hence, a valid comparison of different study reports and operative techniques is not possible. After a literature review on DGE after pancreatic resection, the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) developed an objective and generally applicable definition with grades of DGE based primarily on severity and clinical impact. DGE represents the inability to return to a standard diet by the end of the first postoperative week and includes prolonged nasogastric intubation of the patient. Three different grades (A, B, and C) were defined based on the impact on the clinical course and on postoperative management. The proposed definition, which includes a clinical grading of DGE, should allow objective and accurate comparison of the results of future clinical trials and will facilitate the objective evaluation of novel interventions and surgical modalities in the field of pancreatic surgery.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                February 2022
                : 39
                : 1
                : 101-110
                Affiliations
                [1] Suzhou orgnameThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University orgdiv1Department of General Surgery People's Republic of China
                Article
                S0212-16112022000100015 S0212-1611(22)03900100015
                10.20960/nh.03740
                34783574
                c99f84a7-7e5b-4204-802b-3fb80f415306

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 July 2021
                : 16 June 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Papers

                Pancreatoduodenectomía,Complicaciones posoperatorias,Nutritional risk assessment,Postoperative complications,Pancreatoduodenectomy,Evaluación del riesgo nutricional

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