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      Smartphone use can be addictive? A case report

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          Abstract

          Background and aims

          The use of mobile phones has become an integral part of everyday life. Young people in particular can be observed using their smartphones constantly, and they not only make or receive calls but also use different applications or just tap touch screens for several minutes at a time. The opportunities provided by smartphones are attractive, and the cumulative time of using smartphones per day is very high for many people, so the question arises whether we can really speak of a mobile phone addiction? In this study, our aim is to describe and analyze a possible case of smartphone addiction.

          Methods

          We present the case of Anette, an 18-year-old girl, who is characterized by excessive smartphone use. We compare Anette’s symptoms to Griffiths’s conception of technological addictions, Goodman’s criteria of behavioral addictions, and the DSM-5 criteria of gambling disorder.

          Results

          Anette fulfills almost all the criteria of Griffiths, Goodman, and the DSM-5, and she spends about 8 hr in a day using her smartphone.

          Discussion

          Anette’s excessive mobile phone usage includes different types of addictive behaviors: making selfies and editing them for hours, watching movies, surfing on the Internet, and, above all, visiting social sites. The cumulative time of these activities results in a very high level of smartphone use. The device in her case is a tool that provides these activities for her whole day. Most of Anette’s activities with a mobile phone are connected to community sites, so her main problem may be a community site addiction.

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          Most cited references21

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          Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation

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            Relationship of Smartphone Use Severity with Sleep Quality, Depression, and Anxiety in University Students

            Background and Aims The usage of smartphones has increased rapidly in recent years, and this has brought about addiction. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between smartphone use severity and sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. Methods In total, 319 university students (203 females and 116 males; mean age = 20.5 ± 2.45) were included in the study. Participants were divided into the following three groups: a smartphone non-user group (n = 71, 22.3%), a low smartphone use group (n = 121, 37.9%), and a high smartphone use group (n = 127, 39.8%). All participants were evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory; moreover, participants other than those in the smartphone non-user group were also assessed with the Smartphone Addiction Scale. Results The findings revealed that the Smartphone Addiction Scale scores of females were significantly higher than those of males. Depression, anxiety, and daytime dysfunction scores were higher in the high smartphone use group than in the low smartphone use group. Positive correlations were found between the Smartphone Addiction Scale scores and depression levels, anxiety levels, and some sleep quality scores. Conclusion The results indicate that depression, anxiety, and sleep quality may be associated with smartphone overuse. Such overuse may lead to depression and/or anxiety, which can in turn result in sleep problems. University students with high depression and anxiety scores should be carefully monitored for smartphone addiction.
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              Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use.

              Mobile phone use is banned or illegal under certain circumstances and in some jurisdictions. Nevertheless, some people still use their mobile phones despite recognized safety concerns, legislation, and informal bans. Drawing potential predictors from the addiction literature, this study sought to predict usage and, specifically, problematic mobile phone use from extraversion, self-esteem, neuroticism, gender, and age. To measure problem use, the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale was devised and validated as a reliable self-report instrument, against the Addiction Potential Scale and overall mobile phone usage levels. Problem use was a function of age, extraversion, and low self-esteem, but not neuroticism. As extraverts are more likely to take risks, and young drivers feature prominently in automobile accidents, this study supports community concerns about mobile phone use, and identifies groups that should be targeted in any intervention campaigns.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                2006
                jba
                Journal of Behavioral Addictions
                J Behav Addict
                Akadémiai Kiadó (Budapest )
                2062-5871
                2063-5303
                07 September 2016
                September 2016
                : 5
                : 3
                : 548-552
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Department of Personality and Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Debrecen , Debrecen, Hungary
                [ 2 ]Faculty of Education and Psychology, ELTE , Budapest, Hungary
                [ 3 ]Institute of Psychology, University of Debrecen , Debrecen, Hungary
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Dr. Attila Körmendi; Department of Personality and Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar, Debrecen 4032, Hungary; Phone: +36 20 2031710; E-mail: kormendi.ati@ 123456freemail.hu
                Article
                10.1556/2006.5.2016.033
                5264424
                27599674
                c99f875b-26ae-4589-98f4-27d6148d79eb
                © 2016 The Author(s)

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 26 March 2016
                : 17 August 2014
                : 30 October 2014
                : 21 January 2016
                : 27 March 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 5
                Funding
                Funding sources: This research was supported by the European Union and the State of Hungary, co-financed by the European Social Fund in the framework of TÁMOP 4.2.4. A/2-11-1-2012-0001 “National Excellence Program.”
                Categories
                Case Report

                Medicine,Psychology,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                social network sites,behavioral addiction,smartphone addiction

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