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      Role of aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica leaves in an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease in rats

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by multiple cognitive deficits, is often accompanied by behavioral disorders and mood changes. Because of the non-availability of proper curative/preventive therapy for AD, the present study was designed to evaluate the possible role of Azadirachta indica in experimental AD in rats.

          Materials and Methods:

          Experimental AD in rats was produced by nucleus basalis magnacellularis lesion with ibotenic acid (IB) and intacerebroventricular administration of colchicine (Col). Different behavioral tests and biochemical analysis were performed to explore the role to A. indica in AD.

          Results:

          A. indica exhibited anxiolytic activity in the open field test in Col lesion animals, which was comparable to that of diazepam. In the Elevated plus maze test, A. indica significantly alleviated IB and Col-induced anxiety. IB and Col-induced depression was mitigated by A. indica, and the results were comparable to that of imipramine. In Morris’ water maze test, A. indica pre-treatment improved reference memory, working memory and spatial learning, which are at par with the effects of donepezil. Both IB and Col-induced deficits in active avoidance learning and retention of learned behavior were significantly reversed by A. indica. IB and Col-induced increased lipid peroxidase activity was significantly reversed by A. indica (reductions in malondialdehyde level). A. indica stabilized rise in superoxide dismutase and a decreasing trend in acetylcholine-esterase (AChE) activity was seen with IB and Col lesions. A. indica had no effect over the AChE activity.

          Conclusion:

          A. indica might be effective in clinical AD by virtue of its cognition enhancement, antidepressant and antianxiety properties.

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          Most cited references48

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          Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments.

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            The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer.

            Flavonoids are nearly ubiquitous in plants and are recognized as the pigments responsible for the colors of leaves, especially in autumn. They are rich in seeds, citrus fruits, olive oil, tea, and red wine. They are low molecular weight compounds composed of a three-ring structure with various substitutions. This basic structure is shared by tocopherols (vitamin E). Flavonoids can be subdivided according to the presence of an oxy group at position 4, a double bond between carbon atoms 2 and 3, or a hydroxyl group in position 3 of the C (middle) ring. These characteristics appear to also be required for best activity, especially antioxidant and antiproliferative, in the systems studied. The particular hydroxylation pattern of the B ring of the flavonoles increases their activities, especially in inhibition of mast cell secretion. Certain plants and spices containing flavonoids have been used for thousands of years in traditional Eastern medicine. In spite of the voluminous literature available, however, Western medicine has not yet used flavonoids therapeutically, even though their safety record is exceptional. Suggestions are made where such possibilities may be worth pursuing.
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              A modified spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Appl Basic Med Res
                Int J Appl Basic Med Res
                IJABMR
                International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research
                Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                2229-516X
                2248-9606
                Jan-Jun 2013
                : 3
                : 1
                : 37-47
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
                [1 ]Department of Pharmacology, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagunur, Karimnagar, Andhra Pradesh, India
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Rituparna Maiti, Department of Pharmacology, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagunur, Karimnagar, Andhra Pradesh, India. E-mail: rituparnamaiti@ 123456rediffmail.com
                Article
                IJABMR-3-37
                10.4103/2229-516X.112239
                3678680
                23776838
                c9abab12-2f6b-4d4e-b373-455746250f8d
                Copyright: © International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 16 January 2012
                : 15 November 2012
                Categories
                Original Article

                alzheimer's disease,azadirachta indica,flavonoids,phytosterols

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