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      Courtship, Mating Behavior, and Ovary Histology of the Nymph Parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

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          Abstract

          The potential of the parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek for the biological control of the eucalyptus pest Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) nymphs is high. This research sought to analyze the courtship, male competition, and mating behavior of P. bliteus at the proportions of 1:1 and 2:1 males to female in a Petri dish (5 cm diameter), and to describe the ovary histology of virgin and mated females of this parasitoid. At 1:1, males touch the antennae and thorax–abdomen of females during courtship, but females avoid mate attempts before they are 48 h old. At 2:1, the competition between male parasitoids inhibits mating. The histology of ovaries of virgin and mated P. bliteus females is similar, with two well-defined germarium and vitellarium regions, with oocytes at different developmental stages, including mature ones rich in yolk and with eggshell. A clearer understanding of the reproductive behavior and histology of P. bliteus aids in the use of this parasitoid for the biological control of G. brimblecombei.

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          Most cited references34

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          Sex determination in the hymenoptera.

          The dominant and ancestral mode of sex determination in the Hymenoptera is arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, in which diploid females develop from fertilized eggs and haploid males develop from unfertilized eggs. We discuss recent progress in the understanding of the genetic and cytoplasmic mechanisms that make arrhenotoky possible. The best-understood mode of sex determination in the Hymenoptera is complementary sex determination (CSD), in which diploid males are produced under conditions of inbreeding. The gene mediating CSD has recently been cloned in the honey bee and has been named the complementary sex determiner. However, CSD is only known from 4 of 21 hymenopteran superfamilies, with some taxa showing clear evidence of the absence of CSD. Sex determination in the model hymenopteran Nasonia vitripennis does not involve CSD, but it is consistent with a form of genomic imprinting in which activation of the female developmental pathway requires paternally derived genes. Some other hymenopterans are not arrhenotokous but instead exhibit thelytoky or paternal genome elimination.
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            Life-history strategies in parasitoid wasps: a comparative analysis of 'ovigeny'

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              Parasitoid: Behavioral and evolutionary ecology

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Subject Editor
                Journal
                J Insect Sci
                J Insect Sci
                jis
                Journal of Insect Science
                Oxford University Press (US )
                1536-2442
                March 2021
                16 April 2021
                16 April 2021
                : 21
                : 2
                : 16
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Departamento de Proteção Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) , Botucatu, SP 18610-034, Brasil
                [2 ] Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brasil
                [3 ] Embrapa Algodão , Av. Oswaldo Cruz, 1143, Campina Grande, PB 58428-095, Brasil
                [4 ] Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa, MG 36570-90, Brasil
                Author notes
                Corresponding author, tel: +55 014 98143-4496, e-mail: analaurafavoreto@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6410-4584
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0477-4252
                Article
                ieab020
                10.1093/jisesa/ieab020
                8051176
                33861348
                c9daa1d9-9dfb-4b55-907f-571e380073ec
                © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

                History
                : 01 December 2020
                : 24 February 2021
                Page count
                Pages: 6
                Funding
                Funded by: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, DOI 10.13039/501100003593;
                Funded by: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, DOI 10.13039/501100002322;
                Award ID: 001
                Funded by: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais, DOI 10.13039/501100004901;
                Funded by: Programa Cooperativo sobre Proteção Florestal;
                Funded by: Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais;
                Categories
                Research Articles
                AcademicSubjects/SCI01382

                Entomology
                biological control,mass rearing,nymph parasitoid,wing fanning
                Entomology
                biological control, mass rearing, nymph parasitoid, wing fanning

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