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      Listerine® Products: An Update on the Efficacy and Safety : Efficacy and Safety of Listerine®

      , , ,
      Phytotherapy Research
      Wiley-Blackwell

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          Abstract

          In the 19th century, the mouthwash Listerine® was formulated from four essential oils. Later, the oils were replaced by their marker substances. To keep them in solution, 24-27% ethanol was added as a vehicle. This is an update of our previous review on the efficacy and safety of Listerine®.

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          Most cited references32

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          Antibacterial Activity and Anticancer Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Essential Oil Compared to That of Its Main Components

          In this study, Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil and three of its main components 1,8-cineole (27.23%), α-pinene (19.43%) and β-pinene (6.71%) were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activities and toxicology properties. R. officinalis L. essential oil possessed similar antibacterial activities to α-pinene, and a little bit better than β-pinene, while 1,8-cineole possessed the lowest antibacterial activities. R. officinalis L. essential oil exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity towards three human cancer cells. Its inhibition concentration 50% (IC50) values on SK-OV-3, HO-8910 and Bel-7402 were 0.025‰, 0.076‰ and 0.13‰ (v/v), respectively. The cytotoxicity of all the test samples on SK-OV-3 was significantly stronger than on HO-8910 and Bel-7402. In general, R. officinalis L. essential oil showed greater activity than its components in both antibacterial and anticancer test systems, and the activities were mostly related to their concentrations.
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            A meta-analysis of six-month studies of antiplaque and antigingivitis agents.

            The author conducted a systematic review of the literature to evaluate the efficacy of antigingivitis and antiplaque products in six-month trials. He searched electronic databases for six-month randomized clinical studies that evaluated both antiplaque and antigingivitis properties of dentifrices or mouthrinses. In addition, the author solicited unpublished studies from manufacturers. Seventeen studies support the antiplaque, antigingivitis effects of dentifrices containing 0.30 percent triclosan, 2.0 percent Gantrez copolymer. There was no evidence of efficacy for triclosan products containing either soluble pyrophosphate or zinc citrate. Dentifrices with stannous fluoride had statistically significant, but marginally clinically significant, evidence of an antiplaque effect; however, there was both a statistically and clinically significant antigingivitis effect. The largest body of studies (21 studies) supported the efficacy of mouthrinses with essential oils. A smaller body of studies (seven) supported a strong antiplaque, antigingivitis effect of mouthrinses with 0.12 percent chlorhexidine. Results for mouthrinses with cetylpyridinium chloride varied and depended on the product's formula. The studies in this systematic review provide strong evidence of the antiplaque, antigingivitis effects of multiple agents. These results support the use of these agents as part of a typical oral hygiene regimen.
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              Toxicity of selected plant volatiles in microbial and mammalian short-term assays.

              In this study, several short-term microbial and mammalian in vitro assays were used to evaluate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of four plant volatiles showing antifungal activity: cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, thymol and S(+)-carvone. All inhibited viability and proliferation of Hep-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. IC50 ranged from 0.3 mM (cinnamaldehyde) to 0.7 mM (thymol) in viability tests and from 0.2 mM (carvacrol) to 0.9 mM (carvone) in the proliferation test. The morphological analysis suggested an involvement of apoptosis in the cases of carvone, carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde. At nontoxic doses, carvacrol and thymol increased the number of revertants in the Ames test by 1.5-1.7 times, regardless of metabolic activation. In the SOS-chromotest, none of the four plant volatiles caused DNA damage at non-toxic doses. In the DNA repair test, a marked dose-dependent differential toxicity was observed with carvone and, to a lesser extent, with cinnamaldehyde, while with thymol and carvacrol, this effect was less pronounced. In conclusion, the considered in vitro cytotoxicity assays have shown to be sensitive enough to highlight a variety of toxic effects at the cellular level, which can be rather different between chemically closely related compounds, such as isomers.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Phytotherapy Research
                Phytother. Res.
                Wiley-Blackwell
                0951418X
                March 2016
                March 2016
                : 30
                : 3
                : 367-373
                Article
                10.1002/ptr.5555
                26931615
                ca10fd21-11d9-4031-80d2-37125f1d2674
                © 2016

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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