Occurrence of  Escherichia coli  and faecal coliforms in drinking water at source and household point-of-use in Rohingya camps, Bangladesh

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Abstract

Background

Safe water is essential for life but unsafe for human consumption if it is contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. An acceptable quality of water supply (adequate, safe and accessible) must be ensured to all human beings for a healthy life.

Methods

We collected and analyzed a total of 12,650 drinking water samples, for the presence of Escherichia coli and faecal coliforms, from a large habitation of the displaced Rohingya population comprising of about 1.16 million people living within 4 km ².

Results

We found that 28% (n = 893) water samples derived from tubewells were contaminated with faecal coliforms and 10.5% (n = 333) were contaminated with E. coli; also, 73.96% (n = 4644) samples from stored household sources (at point of use—POU) were found contaminated with faecal coliforms while 34.7% (n = 2179) were contaminated with E. coli. It was observed that a higher percentage of POU samples fall in the highest risk category than that of their corresponding sources.

Conclusions

From our findings, it appears that secondary contamination could be a function of very high population density and could possibly occur during collection, transportation, and storage of water due to lack of knowledge of personal and domestic hygiene. Hence, awareness campaign is necessary, and the contaminated sources should be replaced. Further, the POU water should be treated by a suitable method.

Related collections

Most cited references 20

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We conducted a systematic review of all studies that measured diarrheal health impacts in children and the impact on water quality of point-of-use chlorine drinking water treatment. Twenty-one relevant studies were identified from > 856 screened abstracts. Data were extracted and combined using meta-analysis to provide summary estimates of the intervention effect. The intervention reduced the risk of child diarrhea (pooled relative risk: 0.71, 0.58-0.87) and it reduced the risk of stored water contamination with Escherichia coli (pooled relative risk: 0.20, 0.13-0.30). A major finding from this review is that nearly all trials on this topic have been short (median length was 30 weeks). Although not statistically significant, we observed an attenuation of the intervention's reduction of child diarrhea in longer trials. Future studies with multi-year follow-up are required to assess the long-term acceptability and sustainability of health impacts shown by the shorter trials identified in this review.

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The global problem of childhood diarrhoeal diseases: emerging strategies in prevention and management

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Acute diarrhoeal diseases remain a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality particularly among young children in resource-limited countries. Recent large studies utilizing case-control design, prospective sampling and more sensitive and broad diagnostic techniques have shed light on particular pathogens of importance and highlighted the previously under recognized impact of these infections on post-acute illness mortality and growth. Vaccination, particularly against rotavirus, has emerged as a key effective means of preventing significant morbidity and mortality from childhood diarrhoeal disease. Other candidate vaccines against leading diarrhoeal pathogens, such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Shigella spp., also hold significant promise in further ameliorating the burden of enteric infections in children. Large studies are also currently underway evaluating novel and potential easy-to-implement water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) preventive strategies. Given the ongoing global burden of this illness, the paucity of new advances in case management over the last several decades remains a challenge. The increasing recognition of post-acute illness mortality and growth impairment has highlighted the need for interventions that go beyond management of dehydration and electrolyte disturbances. The few trials of novel promising interventions such as probiotics have mainly been conducted in high-income settings. Trials of antimicrobials have also been primarily conducted in high-income settings or in travellers from high-income settings. Bloody diarrhoea has been shown to be a poor marker of potentially treatable bacterial enteritis, and rising antimicrobial resistance has also made empiric antimicrobial therapy more challenging in many settings. Novel effective and sustainable interventions and diagnostic strategies are clearly needed to help improve case management. Diarrhoeal disease and other enteric infections remain an unmet challenge in global child health. Most promising recent developments have been focused around preventive measures, in particular vaccination. Further advances in prevention and case management including the possible use of targeted antimicrobial treatment are also required to fully address this critical burden on child health and human potential.

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The resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains ATCC 43895-, 43895-EPS (an exopolysaccharide [EPS]-overproducing mutant), and ATCC 43895+ (a curli-producing mutant) to chlorine, a sanitizer commonly used in the food industry, was studied. Planktonic cells of strains 43895-EPS and/or ATCC 43895+ grown under conditions supporting EPS and curli production, respectively, showed the highest resistance to chlorine, indicating that EPS and curli afford protection. Planktonic cells (ca. 9 log(10) CFU/ml) of all strains, however, were killed within 10 min by treatment with 50 microg of chlorine/ml. Significantly lower numbers of strain 43895-EPS, compared to those of strain ATCC 43895-, attached to stainless steel coupons, but the growth rate of strain 43895-EPS on coupons was not significantly different from that of strain ATCC 43895-, indicating that EPS production did not affect cell growth during biofilm formation. Curli production did not affect the initial attachment of cells to coupons but did enhance biofilm production. The resistance of E. coli O157:H7 to chlorine increased significantly as cells formed biofilm on coupons; strain ATCC 43895+ was the most resistant. Population sizes of strains ATCC 43895+ and ATCC 43895- in biofilm formed at 12 degrees C were not significantly different, but cells of strain ATCC 43895+ showed significantly higher resistance than did cells of strain ATCC 43895-. These observations support the hypothesis that the production of EPS and curli increase the resistance of E. coli O157:H7 to chlorine.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Zahid Hayat Mahmud:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3278-0622

+880-9827001-10 , zhmahmud@icddrb.org

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Gut Pathog

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Gut Pathog

Title: Gut Pathogens

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1757-4749

Publication date (Electronic): 1 November 2019

Publication date PMC-release: 1 November 2019

Publication date Collection: 2019

Volume: 11

Electronic Location Identifier: 52

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0600 7174, GRID grid.414142.6, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, ; Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh

[2 ]WASH Division, UNICEF Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

[3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0600 7174, GRID grid.414142.6, Laboratory of Environmental Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, , icddr,b, ; 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh

Author information

Zahid Hayat Mahmud http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3278-0622

Article

Publisher ID: 333

DOI: 10.1186/s13099-019-0333-6

PMC ID: 6824040

PubMed ID: 31695751

SO-VID: ca117ef4-a55b-4b51-9d57-460448ab8396

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 20 May 2019

Date accepted : 22 October 2019

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006641, unicef;

Award ID: BCO/PCA/2017/035-2018/001

Award Recipient : Zahid Hayat Mahmud

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Keywords: rohingya camps,drinking water contamination,point of use water,faecal coliforms contamination,e. coli risk categories

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Keywords: rohingya camps, drinking water contamination, point of use water, faecal coliforms contamination, e. coli risk categories

Occurrence of Escherichia coli and faecal coliforms in drinking water at source and household point-of-use in Rohingya camps, Bangladesh

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