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      Male Germ Cell Development in Humans

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          Abstract

          Background: Germ cells are unique cells that possess the ability to transmit genetic information between generations. Detailed knowledge about the molecular and cellular mechanisms determining the fate of human male germ cells still remains sparse. This is partially due to ethical issues limiting the access to research material. Therefore, the mechanisms of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of human male germ cells still remain challenging study objectives. Methods: This review focuses on using English articles accessible in PubMed as well as personal files on the current knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms connected with human testicular germ cell development, maturation failure and the possibility of fertility preservation in patients in whom there is a risk of gonadal failure. However, since rodents, particularly mice, offer the possibility of studying germ cell development by use of genetic modification techniques, some studies using animal models are also discussed. Conclusion: This mini review focuses on the current knowledge about male germ cells. However, the reader is referred to two previous mini reviews focusing on testicular somatic cells, i.e. on Sertoli cells and Leydig cells.

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          Epigenetic events in mammalian germ-cell development: reprogramming and beyond.

          Hiroyuki Sasaki, Yasuhisa Matsui (2008)
          The epigenetic profile of germ cells, which is defined by modifications of DNA and chromatin, changes dynamically during their development. Many of the changes are associated with the acquisition of the capacity to support post-fertilization development. Our knowledge of this aspect has greatly increased- for example, insights into how the re-establishment of parental imprints is regulated. In addition, an emerging theme from recent studies is that epigenetic modifiers have key roles in germ-cell development itself--for example, epigenetics contributes to the gene-expression programme that is required for germ-cell development, regulation of meiosis and genomic integrity. Understanding epigenetic regulation in germ cells has implications for reproductive engineering technologies and human health.
          Article 0 comments Cited 227 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            In vitro production of functional sperm in cultured neonatal mouse testes.

            Takuya Sato, Kumiko Katagiri, Ayako Gohbara … (2011)
            Spermatogenesis is one of the most complex and longest processes of sequential cell proliferation and differentiation in the body, taking more than a month from spermatogonial stem cells, through meiosis, to sperm formation. The whole process, therefore, has never been reproduced in vitro in mammals, nor in any other species with a very few exceptions in some particular types of fish. Here we show that neonatal mouse testes which contain only gonocytes or primitive spermatogonia as germ cells can produce spermatids and sperm in vitro with serum-free culture media. Spermatogenesis was maintained over 2 months in tissue fragments positioned at the gas-liquid interphase. The obtained spermatids and sperm resulted in healthy and reproductively competent offspring through microinsemination. In addition, neonatal testis tissues were cryopreserved and, after thawing, showed complete spermatogenesis in vitro. Our organ culture method could be applicable through further refinements to a variety of mammalian species, which will serve as a platform for future clinical application as well as mechanistic understanding of spermatogenesis.
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              Testicular germ-cell tumours in a broader perspective.

              J. Wolter Oosterhuis, Leendert H. J. Looijenga (2005)
              The germ-cell tumours are a fascinating group of neoplasms because of their unusual biology and the spectacular therapeutic results that have been obtained in these tumours. Traditionally, this group of neoplasms is presented in an organ-oriented approach. However, recent clinical and experimental data convincingly demonstrate that these neoplasms are one disease with separate entities that can manifest themselves in different anatomical sites. We propose five entities, in which the developmental potential is determined by the maturation stage and imprinting status of the originating germ cell. Recent progress begins to explain the apparent unpredictable development of germ-cell tumours and offers a basis for understanding their exquisite sensitivity to therapy.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): HRP
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Horm Res Paediatr
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1663-2818
                Title: Hormone Research in Paediatrics
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 1663-2818
                ISSN (Electronic): 1663-2826
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2014
                Publication date (Print): March 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 December 2013
                Volume: 81
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 2-12
                Affiliations
                aPediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, and bDepartment of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
                Author notes
                *Olle Söder, MD, PhD (ESPE Member), Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Karolinskavägen, Solna, SE-17176 Stockholm (Sweden), E-Mail olle.soder@ki.se
                Article
                Publisher ID: 355599 Other ID: Horm Res Paediatr 2014;81:2-12
                DOI: 10.1159/000355599
                PubMed ID: 24356336
                SO-VID: ca17b1a6-0cdf-4f47-95de-1be8d7f56640
                Copyright © © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 15 April 2013
                Date accepted : 12 September 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Pages: 11
                Categories
                Subject: Mini Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes,Neurology,Nutrition & Dietetics,Sexual medicine,Internal medicine,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Gonads,Testis,Spermatogenesis,Germ cells,Spermatogonial stem cells
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes, Neurology, Nutrition & Dietetics, Sexual medicine, Internal medicine, Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Gonads, Testis, Spermatogenesis, Germ cells, Spermatogonial stem cells

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