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      The Role of Molecular Techniques on Malaria Control and Elimination Programs in Iran: A Review Article

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          Abstract

          Background:

          The aim of this review was to describe the application of molecular methods in epidemiological aspects of malaria vectors, parasites, and human hosts in Iran and their critical role in malaria control and elimination programs.

          Methods:

          Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were searched systematically for original published papers on PCR, the molecular identification of malaria vectors, the molecular epidemiology of malaria, insecticide resistance, and drug-resistant parasites, in Iran. In total, 51 studies on molecular entomology and 36 studies on molecular parasitology of malaria and three on human host were selected.

          Results:

          Molecular methods are essential for improving the detection of malaria infection and monitoring antimalarial drugs and insecticide resistance in malaria elimination settings such as Iran.

          Conclusion:

          The application of molecular methods may be of particular interest for malaria control/elimination programs, for monitoring progress towards malaria elimination, and for optimal orientation of program activities.

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          Most cited references82

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          Plasmodium knowlesi: the fifth human malaria parasite.

          N. White (2008)
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            Outbreak of human malaria caused by Plasmodium simium in the Atlantic Forest in Rio de Janeiro: a molecular epidemiological investigation

            Malaria was eliminated from southern and southeastern Brazil over 50 years ago. However, an increasing number of autochthonous episodes attributed to Plasmodium vivax have recently been reported from the Atlantic Forest region of Rio de Janeiro state. As the P vivax-like non-human primate malaria parasite species Plasmodium simium is locally enzootic, we performed a molecular epidemiological investigation to determine whether zoonotic malaria transmission is occurring.
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              Molecular evidence for a kdr-like pyrethroid resistance mechanism in the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi.

              The mosquito Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae) is the urban vector of malaria in several countries of the Middle East and Indian subcontinent. Extensive use of residual insecticide spraying for malaria vector control has selected An. stephensi resistance to DDT, dieldrin, malathion and other organophosphates throughout much of its range and to pyrethroids in the Middle East. Metabolic resistance mechanisms and insensitivity to pyrethroids, so-called knockdown resistance (kdr), have previously been reported in An. stephensi. Here we provide molecular data supporting the hypothesis that a kdr-like pyrethroid-resistance mechanism is present in An. stephensi. We found that larvae of a pyrethroid-selected strain from Dubai (DUB-R) were 182-fold resistant to permethin, compared with a standard susceptible strain of An. stephensi. Activities of some enzymes likely to confer pyrethroid-resistance (i.e. esterases, monooxygenases and glutathione S-transferases) were significantly higher in the permethrin-resistant than in the susceptible strain, but the use of synergists--piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to inhibit monooxygenases and/or tribufos (DEF) to inhibit esterases--did not fully prevent resistance in larvae (permethrin LC50 reduced by only 51-68%), indicating the involvement of another mechanism. From both strains of An. stephensi, we obtained a 237-bp fragment of genomic DNA encoding segment 6 of domain II of the para type voltage-gated sodium channel, i.e. the putative kdr locus. By sequencing this 237 bp fragment, we identified one point mutation difference involving a single A-T base change encoding a leucine to phenylalanine amino acid substitution in the pyrethroid-resistant strain. This mutation appears to be homologous with those detected in An. gambiae and other insects with kdr-like resistance. A diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assay using nested primers was therefore designed to detect this mechanism in An. stephensi.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Iran J Parasitol
                Iran J Parasitol
                IJPA
                IJPA
                Iranian Journal of Parasitology
                Tehran University of Medical Sciences
                1735-7020
                2008-238X
                Apr-Jun 2018
                : 13
                : 2
                : 161-171
                Affiliations
                [1. ] Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
                [2. ] Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
                [3. ] Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
                Author notes
                [* ] Correspondence Email: navidmvrg@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                ijpa-13-161
                6068378
                ca285501-2e95-4e60-8266-8c614ac76fbe
                Copyright© Iranian Society of Parasitology & Tehran University of Medical Sciences

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 05 March 2017
                : 26 August 2017
                Categories
                Review Article

                Parasitology
                malaria,molecular methods,control,elimination,iran
                Parasitology
                malaria, molecular methods, control, elimination, iran

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