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      An Overview on Total Valorization of Litsea cubeba as a New Woody Oil Plant Resource toward a Zero-Waste Biorefinery

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          Abstract

          With the increasing global demand for edible oils and the restriction of arable land minimum in China, woody oil plants have gradually become the optimal solution to cover the shortage of current edible oil supply and to further improve the self-sufficiency rate. However, due to the lack of knowledge and technique, problems like “how to make full use of these plant resources?” and “how to guide consumers with reasonable data?” limit the development of woody oilseed industry towards a sustainable circular economy. In this review, several emerging unique woody oil plants in China were introduced, among which Litsea cubeba as a new woody oil plant was highlighted as a reference case based on its current research progress. Unlike other woody oil plants, essential oil rather than oil from Litsea cubeba has always been the main product through the years due to its interesting biological activities. Most importantly, its major component, citral, could be the base for other synthesized perfume compounds with added value. Moreover, the sustainable biorefinery of large amounts of waste residual after Litsea cubeba essential oil processing is now technically feasible, which could inspire a total valorization pathway for other woody oil plants to make more competitive plant-based products with both economic, social, and ecological benefits.

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          Ultrasound assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. A review.

          This review presents a complete picture of current knowledge on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) in food ingredients and products, nutraceutics, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and bioenergy applications. It provides the necessary theoretical background and some details about extraction by ultrasound, the techniques and their combinations, the mechanisms (fragmentation, erosion, capillarity, detexturation, and sonoporation), applications from laboratory to industry, security, and environmental impacts. In addition, the ultrasound extraction procedures and the important parameters influencing its performance are also included, together with the advantages and the drawbacks of each UAE techniques. Ultrasound-assisted extraction is a research topic, which affects several fields of modern plant-based chemistry. All the reported applications have shown that ultrasound-assisted extraction is a green and economically viable alternative to conventional techniques for food and natural products. The main benefits are decrease of extraction and processing time, the amount of energy and solvents used, unit operations, and CO2 emissions.
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            Enzyme-assisted extraction of bioactives from plants.

            Demand for new and novel natural compounds has intensified the development of plant-derived compounds known as bioactives that either promote health or are toxic when ingested. Enhanced release of these bioactives from plant cells by cell disruption and extraction through the cell wall can be optimized using enzyme preparations either alone or in mixtures. However, the biotechnological application of enzymes is not currently exploited to its maximum potential within the food industry. Here, we discuss the use of environmentally friendly enzyme-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from plant sources, particularly for food and nutraceutical purposes. In particular, we discuss an enzyme-assisted extraction of stevioside from Stevia rebaudiana, as an example of a process of potential value to the food industry. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive compounds

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                28 June 2021
                July 2021
                : 26
                : 13
                : 3948
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Guangdong International Joint Research Center for Oilseeds Biorefinery, Nutrition and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; qiuyufei224@ 123456stu2020.jnu.edu.cn (Y.Q.); yuyasi99@ 123456stu2017.jnu.edu.cn (Y.Y.)
                [2 ]Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; ping.lan@ 123456jnu.edu.cn
                [3 ]Qingyuan Yaokang Biotechnology, Qingyuan 513200, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: twyong@ 123456jnu.edu.cn (Y.W.); yingli@ 123456jnu.edu.cn (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-20-8522-0032 (Y.W. & Y.L.); Fax: +86-20-8522-6630 (Y.W. & Y.L.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3289-0509
                Article
                molecules-26-03948
                10.3390/molecules26133948
                8272090
                34203392
                ca2ac015-48d0-4a3b-b54d-23aeb3837c43
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 07 June 2021
                : 24 June 2021
                Categories
                Review

                woody oil plant resource,litsea cubeba valorization,essential oil bioactivities,citral-based value-added products,kernel oil and protein,zero-waste sustainable biorefinery

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