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      An Epidemiological Study on Pattern and Incidence of Mandibular Fractures

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          Abstract

          Mandible is the second most common facial fracture. There has been a significant increase in the number of cases in recent years with the advent of fast moving automobiles. Mandibular fractures constitute a substantial proportion of maxillofacial trauma cases in Lucknow. This study was undertaken to study mandibular fractures clinicoradiologically with an aim to calculate incidence and study pattern and the commonest site of fractures in population in and around Lucknow. Patient presenting with history of trauma at various centers of maxillofacial surgery in and around Lucknow were included in this study. Detailed case history was recorded followed by thorough clinical examination, and radiological interpretation was done for establishing the diagnosis and the data obtained was analyzed statistically. Out of 66 patients with mandibular fractures, highest percentage was found in 21–30 years of age with male predominance. Road traffic accidents were the most common cause of fracture with parasymphysis being commonest site. Commonest combination was parasymphysis with subcondyle. There was no gender bias in etiology with number of fracture sites. The incidence and causes of mandibular fracture reflect trauma patterns within the community and can provide a guide to the design of programs geared toward prevention and treatment.

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          Ten years of mandibular fractures: an analysis of 2,137 cases.

          Angela E. Ellis, Merry-K. Moos, A Attar (1985)
          Article 0 comments Cited 77 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Epidemiological analysis of maxillofacial fractures in Brazil: a 5-year prospective study.

            Bernardo Ferreira Brasileiro, Luis Passeri (2006)
            The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of maxillofacial fractures in the Piracicaba region of Brazil during a 5-year period and to delineate comparisons with worldwide facial fracture patterns. A descriptive statistical analysis was developed based on data collected using a specifically designed clinical survey of all patients who attended the Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Piracicaba Dental School from 1999 to 2004. Information regarding age, gender, etiology, and type of maxillofacial injury and its associated lesions were evaluated. In addition, treatment modalities and complication rates during patient follow-up were assessed. A total of 1024 patients presenting 1399 maxillofacial fractures were analyzed. Patients' ages ranged from 0 to 88 years (mean age, 28 +/- 16.4 years). The ratio of men to women was 4:1. Most fractures were caused by traffic accidents (45%), followed by assaults (22.6%), falls (17.9%), sports accidents (7.8%), and work accidents (4.5%). The prevalent anatomic regions of facial fractures (in percentages) were the mandible (44.2%), the zygomatic complex (32.5%), and the nasal bones (16.2%). Associated systemic lesions were found in 41.9% of patients, with prevalence for injuries to the upper (24.1%) and lower limbs (15.4%). Patient management was considered to be conservative in 490 patients (47.9%), and surgical therapy was performed in 493 patients (48.1%), of whom 399 (80.9%) were treated with open reduction and rigid internal fixation. Complications occurred in 76 patients (7.4%), mainly due to infection and malocclusion. The findings of this study indicated that epidemiological research of maxillofacial fractures allows the presentation patterns of the most affected individuals and the nature of their lesions to be outlined according to the region evaluated. Furthermore, treatment evaluation and complication rate analysis permits a more realistic interpretation of how patients should be managed.
            Article 0 comments Cited 68 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              An assessment of maxillofacial fractures: a 5-year study of 237 patients.

              Mohammad Kalantar Motamedi (2002)
              This descriptive analytical study assesses the cause, type, incidence, demographic, and treatment data of maxillofacial fractures managed at our medical center during a 5-year period and compares them with the existing body of literature on the subject. A 5-year retrospective clinical and epidemiologic study evaluated 237 patients treated for maxillofacial fractures from 1996 to 2001 at one medical center. There were 211 male patients (89%) and 26 (11%) female patients. The patients ranged in age from 3 to 73 years, with 59.0% (140 patients) in the 20- to 29-year age group. A number of parameters, including age, gender, cause of injury, site of injury, type of injury, treatment modalities, and complications, were evaluated. All maxillofacial injuries were assessed and treated by a single oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Other concomitant bodily injuries were treated by appropriate consultant specialists. There were 173 (72.9%) mandibular, 33 (13.9%) maxillary, 32 (13.5%) zygomatic, 57 (24.0%) zygomatico-orbital, 5 (2.1%) cranial, 5 (2.1%) nasal, and 4 (1.6%) frontal injuries. Car accidents caused 73 (30.8%), motorcycle accidents caused 55 (23.2%), altercations 23 (9.7%), sports 15 (6.3%), and warfare caused 23 (9.7%) of the maxillofacial injuries. Regarding distribution of mandibular fractures, 32% were seen in the condylar region, 29.3% in the symphyseal-parasymphyseal region, 20% in the angle region, 12.5% in the body, 3.1% in the ramus, 1.9% in the dentoalveolar, and 1.2% in the coronoid region. The distribution of maxillary fractures was Le Fort II in 18 (54.6%), Le Fort I in 8 (24.2%), Le Fort III in 4 (12.1%), and alveolar in 3 (9.1%). Of the 173 mandibular fractures, 56.9% were treated by closed reduction, 39.8% by open reduction, and 3.5% by observation only. Of 33 maxillary fractures, 54.6% were treated using closed reduction, 40.9% using open reduction, and 4.5% with observation only. Approximately 52.1% of the patients were treated under general anesthesia, and 47.9% were treated under local anesthesia and sedation. Postsurgical complications were recorded in 5% of patients. These complications included infection, asymmetry, and malocclusion. Overall mortality in this series was 0.84% (2 patients); mortality was caused by pulmonary infection. The findings of this study, compared with similar studies reported in the literature, support the view that the causes and incidence of maxillofacial injuries vary from 1 country to another. Copyright 2003 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
              Article 0 comments Cited 68 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Plast Surg Int
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Plast Surg Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PSI
                Title: Plastic Surgery International
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2090-1461
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-147X
                Publication date (Print): 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 November 2012
                Volume: 2012
                Electronic Location Identifier: 834364
                Affiliations
                1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Career Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, India
                2Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Babu Banarsi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, India
                3Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, India
                4Faculty of Dental Sciences, K.G.'s Medical College, Lucknow, India
                5Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, K.G.'s Medical College, Lucknow, India
                6Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, India
                7Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chandra Dental College, Lucknow, India
                8Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Vananchal Dental College and Hospital, Garhwa, India
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Francesco Carinci

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2012/834364
                PMC ID: 3503282
                PubMed ID: 23227327
                SO-VID: ca2d8267-0a81-4a73-a80d-907caf630c79
                Copyright © Copyright © 2012 Subodh S. Natu et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 29 September 2012
                Date accepted : 13 October 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Clinical Study

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Surgery
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Surgery

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