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      Characterization of the Catalytic Structure of Plant Phytase, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-Like Phytase, and Histidine Acid Phytases and Their Biotechnological Applications

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          Abstract

          Phytase plays a prominent role in monogastric animal nutrition due to its ability to improve phytic acid digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, releasing phosphorus and other micronutrients that are important for animal development. Moreover, phytase decreases the amounts of phytic acid and phosphate excreted in feces. Bioinformatics approaches can contribute to the understanding of the catalytic structure of phytase. Analysis of the catalytic structure can reveal enzymatic stability and the polarization and hydrophobicity of amino acids. One important aspect of this type of analysis is the estimation of the number of β-sheets and α-helices in the enzymatic structure. Fermentative processes or genetic engineering methods are employed for phytase production in transgenic plants or microorganisms. To this end, phytase genes are inserted in transgenic crops to improve the bioavailability of phosphorus. This promising technology aims to improve agricultural efficiency and productivity. Thus, the aim of this review is to present the characterization of the catalytic structure of plant and microbial phytases, phytase genes used in transgenic plants and microorganisms, and their biotechnological applications in animal nutrition, which do not impact negatively on environmental degradation.

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          Phosphorus acquisition and use: critical adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource

          Phosphorus (P) is limiting for crop yield on > 30% of the world's arable land and, by some estimates, world resources of inexpensive P may be depleted by 2050. Improvement of P acquisition and use by plants is critical for economic, humanitarian and environmental reasons. Plants have evolved a diverse array of strategies to obtain adequate P under limiting conditions, including modifications to root architecture, carbon metabolism and membrane structure, exudation of low molecular weight organic acids, protons and enzymes, and enhanced expression of the numerous genes involved in low-P adaptation. These adaptations may be less pronounced in mycorrhizal-associated plants. The formation of cluster roots under P-stress by the nonmycorrhizal species white lupin (Lupinus albus), and the accompanying biochemical changes exemplify many of the plant adaptations that enhance P acquisition and use. Physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies of white lupin and other species response to P-deficiency have identified targets that may be useful for plant improvement. Genomic approaches involving identification of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) found under low-P stress may also yield target sites for plant improvement. Interdisciplinary studies uniting plant breeding, biochemistry, soil science, and genetics under the large umbrella of genomics are prerequisite for rapid progress in improving nutrient acquisition and use in plants. Contents I. Introduction 424 II. The phosphorus conundrum 424 III. Adaptations to low P 424 IV. Uptake of P 424 V. P deficiency alters root development and function 426 VI. P deficiency modifies carbon metabolism 431 VII. Acid phosphatase 436 VIII. Genetic regulation of P responsive genes 437 IX. Improving P acquisition 439 X. Synopsis 440.
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            Phosphorus Uptake by Plants: From Soil to Cell

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              PHOSPHATE ACQUISITION.

              Phosphorus is one of the major plant nutrients that is least available in the soil. Consequently, plants have developed numerous morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular adaptations to acquire phosphate (Pi). Enhanced ability to acquire Pi and altered gene expression are the hallmarks of plant adaptation to Pi deficiency. The intricate mechanisms involved in maintaining Pi homeostasis reflect the complexity of Pi acquisition and translocation in plants. Recent discoveries of multiple Pi transporters have opened up opportunities to study the molecular basis of Pi acquisition by plants. An increasing number of genes are now known to be activated under Pi starvation. Some of these genes may be involved in Pi acquisition, transfer, and signal transduction during Pi stress. This review provides an overview of plant adaptations leading to enhanced Pi acquisition, with special emphasis on recent developments in the molecular biology of Pi acquisition.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Enzyme Res
                Enzyme Res
                ER
                Enzyme Research
                Hindawi
                2090-0406
                2090-0414
                2018
                11 March 2018
                : 2018
                : 8240698
                Affiliations
                1Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia e Programa de Pos-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi, TO, Brazil
                2Engenharia e Ciências de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
                3Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Bioquímica-ICVN, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil
                4Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Itajubá, MG, Brazil
                5Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
                6Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
                7Instituto Federal do Norte Minas Gerais, Araçuaí, MG, Brazil
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Toshihisa Ohshima

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2664-8027
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2879-0254
                Article
                10.1155/2018/8240698
                5866894
                ca404637-c2dd-4bb3-813c-4f7f3317f0d7
                Copyright © 2018 Alex Sander Rodrigues Cangussu et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 13 May 2017
                : 9 November 2017
                : 13 December 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: Federal University of Tocantins
                Funded by: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
                Categories
                Review Article

                Biochemistry
                Biochemistry

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