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      Plasma fluctuation in estradiol-17β and bone resorption markers around parturition in dairy cows

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          Abstract

          Blood samples were obtained sequentially from 10 dairy cows around the time of parturition to assess plasma fluctuations in estradiol-17β (E 2) levels in association with those of several bone resorption markers. Plasma E 2 concentration increased sharply a few days prepartum and decreased quickly after parturition. In terms of bone resorption markers, the plasma level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRAP5b) rose significantly, commencing 1 week prepartum, and was maintained at this level to a few days postpartum. The plasma concentration of carboxyterminal collagen cross-links of type-I collagen (CTx) increased significantly after parturition. These observations suggest that osteoclast-mediated bone resorption was activated after parturition when plasma E 2 concentrations decreased.

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          Estrogen and the skeleton.

          Sundeep Khosla, Merry Oursler, David G. Monroe (2012)
          Estrogen is the major hormonal regulator of bone metabolism in women and men. Therefore, there is considerable interest in unraveling the pathways by which estrogen exerts its protective effects on bone. Although the major consequence of the loss of estrogen is an increase in bone resorption, estrogen deficiency is associated with a gap between bone resorption and formation, indicating that estrogen is also important for maintaining bone formation at the cellular level. Direct estrogen effects on osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts lead to inhibition of bone remodeling, decreased bone resorption, and maintenance of bone formation, respectively. Estrogen also modulates osteoblast/osteocyte and T-cell regulation of osteoclasts. Unraveling these pleiotropic effects of estrogen may lead to new approaches to prevent and treat osteoporosis. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Serum CTX: a new marker of bone resorption that shows treatment effect more often than other markers because of low coefficient of variability and large changes with bisphosphonate therapy.

            Jeffrey Ross, Brian J. Lee, I D Iloputaife … (2000)
            Serum CrossLaps is a new assay for measuring carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX) in serum. This measurement is reported to be more specific to bone resorption than other measurements. However, the utility of this and other markers in monitoring patients on antiresorptive therapy depends on how often changes anticipated with therapy exceed changes attributable to random variability. In a study where subjects received either placebo or pamidronate, we calculated the minimum significant change (MSC), that is, the change that was sufficiently large that it was unlikely to be due to spontaneous variability. We also examined the changes in markers of bone turnover in subjects treated with pamidronate (APD) (30 mg i.v. in 500 ml D5W over 4 hours) to see how often observed changes in turnover after treatment exceeded the MSC. The MSC for serum CTX was 30.2%, and was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the MSC for urinary NTX (54.0%), and not significantly different from the MSC of urinary DPD (20.6%). Ninety percent of subjects treated with APD had a decline in serum CTX that exceeded the MSC, compared with 74% for bone-specific alkaline phophatase (BSAP), 57% for urinary N-telopeptide cross-links (NTX), and 48% for free deoxypyridinoline. Changes in serum CTX correlated reasonably well with changes in spine BMD after 2 years (r = 0.47), but this correlation did not quite reach statistical significance because of the small number of subjects. In conclusion, the serum CTX assay shows greater utility for assessing efficacy of antiresorptive treatment than some previously described markers.
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              Secreted tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b is a Marker of osteoclast number in human osteoclast cultures and the rat ovariectomy model.

              P. Rissanen, J Halleen, M Suominen … (2008)
              To study the effects of estrogen withdrawal on osteoclast number and osteoclast activity in the rat ovariectomy (OVX) model. We first cultured human CD34+ osteoclast precursor cells on bovine bone slices, allowing them to differentiate into mature resorbing osteoclasts. Secreted tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5b) and C-terminal cross-linked telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX) were determined from the culture medium. TRACP 5b correlated strongly with osteoclast number and CTX with osteoclast activity, facilitating their subsequent use in the rat OVX model. An 8 week OVX study was then performed including sham-operated rats receiving vehicle, OVX rats receiving vehicle, and OVX rats receiving 10 microg/kg/day 17 beta-estradiol (E2). Trabecular bone parameters were determined from the tibial metaphysis using peripheral quantitative computed tomography and histomorphometry. Osteoclast number was normalized with bone perimeter (N.Oc/B.Pm) and tissue area (N.Oc/T.Ar, indicating absolute number of osteoclasts). TRACP 5b and CTX were determined from fasting serum samples. Trabecular bone parameters indicated substantial bone loss after OVX that was prevented by E2. N.Oc/B.Pm increased after OVX, while N.Oc/T.Ar and TRACP 5b decreased, and TRACP 5b correlated strongly with N.Oc/T.Ar. However, CTX values increased after OVX, and the "resorption index" CTX/TRACP 5b showed more substantial changes than either CTX or TRACP 5b alone. These results show that TRACP 5b is a reliable marker of osteoclast number, and the index CTX/TRACP 5b is a useful parameter in rat OVX model. The high elevation of CTX/TRACP 5b values by OVX demonstrates that estrogen withdrawal generates high activity of osteoclasts in the rat OVX model.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Vet Med Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Vet. Med. Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JVMS
                Title: The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
                Publisher: The Japanese Society of Veterinary Science
                ISSN (Print): 0916-7250
                ISSN (Electronic): 1347-7439
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 March 2015
                Publication date (Print): July 2015
                Volume: 77
                Issue: 7
                Pages: 875-878
                Affiliations
                [1) ]Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020–8550, Japan
                [2) ]Center for Biotechnology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
                [3) ]Atsumi Dairy Herds Management Service, Sendai, Miyagi 989–3205, Japan
                [4) ]Iwate Veterinary Hospital, Iwate-machi, Iwate 028–4307, Japan
                [5) ]United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501–1193, Japan
                [6) ]Ueki Veterinary Hospital, Morioka, Iwate 020–0887, Japan
                [7) ]Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889–2192, Japan
                [8) ]Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598–8531, Japan
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondance to: Yamagishi, N., Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, 3–18–8 Ueda, Morioka 020–8550, Japan. e-mail: yamagisi@ 123456iwate-u.ac.jp
                Article
                Publisher ID: 15-0018
                DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0018
                PMC ID: 4527514
                PubMed ID: 25755022
                SO-VID: ca46fcc4-628e-4522-9dce-a9f38ddeedec
                Copyright © ©2015 The Japanese Society of Veterinary Science
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) License.

                History
                Date received : 08 January 2015
                Date accepted : 26 February 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Internal Medicine
                Subject: Note

                Keywords: dairy cow,osteoclast-mediated bone resorption,osteocytic remodeling,parturition,tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (trap5b)
                Data availability:
                Keywords: dairy cow, osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, osteocytic remodeling, parturition, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (trap5b)

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