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      SPMSQ for risk stratification of older patients in the emergency department : An exploratory prospective cohort study Translated title: SPMSQ zur Risikostratifizierung älterer Patienten in der Notaufnahme : Eine explorative prospektive Kohortenstudie

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          Abstract

          Background

          Risk stratification of older patients in the emergency department (ED) is seen as a promising and efficient solution for handling the increase in demand for geriatric emergency medicine. Previously, the predictive validity of commonly used tools for risk stratification, such as the identification of seniors at risk (ISAR), have found only limited evidence in German geriatric patient samples. Given that the adverse outcomes in question, such as rehospitalization, nursing home admission and mortality, are substantially associated with cognitive impairment, the potential of the short portable mental status questionnaire (SPMSQ) as a tool for risk stratification of older ED patients was investigated.

          Objective

          To estimate the predictive validity of the SPMSQ for a composite endpoint of adverse events (e.g. rehospitalization, nursing home admission and mortality).

          Method

          This was a prospective cohort study with 260 patients aged 70 years and above, recruited in a cardiology ED. Patients with a likely life-expectancy below 24 h were excluded. Follow-up examinations were conducted at 1, 3, 6 and 12 month(s) after recruitment.

          Results

          The SPMSQ was found to be a significant predictor of adverse outcomes not at 1 month (area under the curve, AUC 0.55, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.46–0.63) but at 3 months (AUC 0.61, 95% CI 0.54–0.68), 6 months (AUC 0.63, 95% CI 0.56–0.70) and 12 months (AUC 0.63, 95% CI 0.56–0.70) after initial contact.

          Conclusion

          For longer periods of observation the SPMSQ can be a predictor of a composite endpoint of adverse outcomes even when controlled for a range of confounders. Its characteristics, specifically the low sensitivity, make it unsuitable as an accurate risk stratification tool on its own.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1007/s00391-019-01626-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

          Zusammenfassung

          Hintergrund

          Die Risikostratifizierung von älteren Patienten in der Notaufnahme gilt als vielversprechender und effizienter Lösungsansatz, um die steigende Nachfrage nach geriatrischer Notfallmedizin zu bewältigen. Bisher zeigte sich die prädiktive Validität des am häufigsten eingesetzten Instruments, dem Identification of Seniors at Risk (ISAR), für deutsche Stichproben jedoch als begrenzt. Da die interessierenden Outcomes, wie Rehospitalisierung, Pflegeheimübersiedlung und Mortalität deutlich mit kognitiver Beeinträchtigung zusammenhängen, war es unser Ziel, das Potenzial des Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ) als Instrument zur Risikostratifizierung von älteren Notaufnahmepatienten zu überprüfen.

          Fragestellung

          Schätzung der prädiktiven Validität des SPMSQ für einen kombinierten Endpunkt adverser Outcomes (Rehospitalisierung, Pflegeheimübersiedlung und Mortalität).

          Daten und Methode

          Es handelte sich um eine prospektive Kohortenstudie mit 260 Patienten im Alter von mindestens 70 Jahren, die in einer kardiologischen Notaufnahme rekrutiert worden waren. Patienten mit einer Lebenserwartung von unter 24 h wurden exkludiert. Follow-ups fanden nach 1, 3, 6, und 12 Monaten statt.

          Ergebnisse

          SPMSQ war signifikanter Prädiktor für den kombinierten Endpunkt adverser Outcomes zwar nicht für 1 Monat (AUC: 0,55; 95 % KI 0,46–0,63), aber für 3 Monate (AUC: 0,61; 95 % KI 0,54–0,68), 6 Monate (AUC: 0,63; 95 % KI 0,56–0,70) und 12 Monate (AUC: 0,63; 95 % KI 0,56–0,70) nach Erstkontakt.

          Schlussfolgerung

          Für längere Beobachtungszeiträume scheint der SPMSQ, auch unter Kontrolle potenziell konfundierender Variablen, ein Prädiktor für adverse Outcomes zu sein. Seine Eigenschaften, insbesondere die niedrige Sensitivität, machen ihn jedoch für den Einsatz als alleiniges Screening-Instrument wenig tauglich.

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          Most cited references29

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          Older adults in the emergency department: a systematic review of patterns of use, adverse outcomes, and effectiveness of interventions.

          We sought to synthesize the literature on patterns of use of emergency services among older adults, risk factors associated with adverse health outcomes, and effectiveness of intervention strategies targeting this population. Relevant articles were identified by means of an English-language search of MEDLINE, HealthSTAR, CINAHL, Current Contents, and Cochrane Library databases from January 1985 to January 2001. This search was supplemented with literature from reference sections of the retrieved publications. A qualitative approach was used to synthesize the literature. Compared with younger persons, older adults use emergency services at a higher rate, their visits have a greater level of urgency, they have longer stays in the emergency department, they are more likely to be admitted or to have repeat ED visits, and they experience higher rates of adverse health outcomes after discharge. The risk factors commonly associated with the negative outcomes are age, functional impairment, recent hospitalization or ED use, living alone, and lack of social support. Comprehensive geriatric screening and coordinated discharge planning initiatives designed to improve clinical outcomes in older emergency patients have provided inconclusive results. Older ED patients have distinct patterns of service use and care needs. The current disease-oriented and episodic models of emergency care do not adequately respond to the complex care needs of frail older patients. More research is needed to determine the effectiveness of screening and intervention strategies targeting at-risk older ED patients.
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            Detection of older people at increased risk of adverse health outcomes after an emergency visit: the ISAR screening tool.

            To develop a self-report screening tool to identify older people in the emergency department (ED) of a hospital at increased risk of adverse health outcomes, including: death, admission to a nursing home or long-term hospitalization, or a clinically significant decrease in functional status. Prospective (6-month) follow-up study of a cohort of ED patients aged 65 and older. The EDs of four acute-care hospitals in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Community-dwelling patients aged 65 and older who came to the EDs during the weekday shift over a 3-month recruitment period. Patients were excluded if they could not be interviewed either because of their medical condition or because of cognitive impairment and no other informant was available. Measures ascertained at the ED visit included: 27 self-report screening questions on social, physical, and mental risk factors; medical history; use of hospital services, medications, and alcohol; and the Older American Resources and Services (OARS) activities of daily living (ADL) scale. At follow-up, the OARS scale was readministered by telephone, and other adverse health outcomes were ascertained. Among 1673 patients who completed the follow-up measures, 488 (29.2%) had an adverse health outcome. Scale development and selection methods included logistic regression, receiver operating characteristic curves, and expert judgment. The proposed screening tool (ISAR) comprises six self-report questions on functional dependence (premorbid and acute change), recent hospitalization, impaired memory and vision, and polymedication. The tool performed well in the total cohort aged 65 and older, and in sub-groups defined by disposition (admitted or released from ED), language of questionnaire administration (French or English), information source (patient or other), and other characteristics. The ISAR is a short self-report questionnaire that can quickly identify older patients in the ED at increased risk of several adverse health outcomes and those with current disability.
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              Risk factors and screening instruments to predict adverse outcomes for undifferentiated older emergency department patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

              A significant proportion of geriatric patients experience suboptimal outcomes following episodes of emergency department (ED) care. Risk stratification screening instruments exist to distinguish vulnerable subsets, but their prognostic accuracy varies. This systematic review quantifies the prognostic accuracy of individual risk factors and ED-validated screening instruments to distinguish patients more or less likely to experience short-term adverse outcomes like unanticipated ED returns, hospital readmissions, functional decline, or death.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +49-6221-548125 , schoenstein@nar.uni-heidelberg.de
                Journal
                Z Gerontol Geriatr
                Z Gerontol Geriatr
                Zeitschrift Fur Gerontologie Und Geriatrie
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                0948-6704
                1435-1269
                16 October 2019
                16 October 2019
                2019
                : 52
                : Suppl 4
                : 222-228
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.7700.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2190 4373, Network Aging Research, , Heidelberg University, ; Heidelberg, Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.5253.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0328 4908, Heidelberg University Hospital, ; Heidelberg, Germany
                Article
                1626
                10.1007/s00391-019-01626-z
                6821671
                31620876
                ca61e718-05fe-4436-810a-59a45f601a19
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 1 July 2019
                : 11 September 2019
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                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2019

                cognition,geriatrics,screening,adverse outcomes,mortality,kognition,geriatrie,mortalität

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