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      BOVINE LYOPHILIZED GRAFT (BLG): HISTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ON BEHAVIOR IN HUMANS AFTER 49 MONTHS

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          Abstract

          Objective: To analyze the histological behavior of bovine lyophilized grafts (BLG) produced according to a protocol developed by the first author, in humans over a 49-month period by measuring the graft/bone neoformation ratio in relation to the total mineralized area. Methods: This was a case series involving 12 patients: eight females (66%) and four males (34%), totaling 13 biopsies. BLG was used, and surgical reintervention was subsequently required during the period 2000 to 2011. The slides produced were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE), were analyzed by a pathologist and were digitized for the proposed evaluation. Results: The mean age was 57 years and the mean follow-up was 49 months (range: 6-115). The average proportion of BLG was 42% (range: 13-85) and neoformed bone, 58% (range: 15-87) in relation to the total area mineralized. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the BLG used presented osteoconductive characteristics and biocompatibility. BLG is a therapeutic option that can be used in orthopedic surgery in which bone defects need to be filled.

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          Bone-grafting and bone-graft substitutes.

          Christopher G Finkemeier (2002)
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            Animal models for implant biomaterial research in bone: a review.

            David A. Pearce, Mark S. Pearce, Robin R Richards … (2006)
            Development of an optimal interface between bone and orthopaedic and dental implants has taken place for many years. In order to determine whether a newly developed implant material conforms to the requirements of biocompatibility, mechanical stability and safety, it must undergo rigorous testing both in vitro and in vivo. Results from in vitro studies can be difficult to extrapolate to the in vivo situation. For this reason the use of animal models is often an essential step in the testing of orthopaedic and dental implants prior to clinical use in humans. This review discusses some of the more commonly available and frequently used animal models such as the dog, sheep, goat, pig and rabbit models for the evaluation of bone-implant interactions. Factors for consideration when choosing an animal model and implant design are discussed. Various bone specific features are discussed including the usage of the species, bone macrostructure and microstructure and bone composition and remodelling, with emphasis being placed on the similarity between the animal model and the human clinical situation. While the rabbit was the most commonly used of the species discussed in this review, it is clear that this species showed the least similarities to human bone. There were only minor differences in bone composition between the various species and humans. The pig demonstrated a good likeness with human bone however difficulties may be encountered in relation to their size and ease of handling. In this respect the dog and sheep/goat show more promise as animal models for the testing of bone implant materials. While no species fulfils all of the requirements of an ideal model, an understanding of the differences in bone architecture and remodelling between the species is likely to assist in the selection of a suitable species for a defined research question.
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              An animal model in sheep for biocompatibility testing of biomaterials in cancellous bones

              Katja Nuss, Joerg Auer, Alois Boos … (2006)
              Background The past years have seen the development of many synthetic bone replacements. To test their biocompatibility and ability for osseointegration, osseoinduction and -conduction requires their placement within bone preferably in an animal experiment of a higher species. Methods A suitable experimental animal model in sheep with drill holes of 8 mm diameter and 13 mm depth within the proximal and distal humerus and femur for testing biocompatibility issues is introduced. Results This present sheep model allows the placing of up to 8 different test materials within one animal and because of the standardization of the bone defect, routine evaluation by means of histomorphometry is easily conducted. This method was used successfully in 66 White Alpine Sheep. When the drill holes were correctly placed no complications such as spontaneous fractures were encountered. Conclusion This experimental animal model serves an excellent basis for testing the biocompatibility of novel biomaterials to be used as bone replacement or new bone formation enhancing materials.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Giuseppe De Luca Júnior
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Rev Bras Ortop
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Rev Bras Ortop
                Title: Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2255-4971
                Publication date PMC-release: 04 November 2015
                Publication date Collection: 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 04 November 2015
                Volume: 47
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 770-775
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Orthopedist, Hip Surgery Group, Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Professor of the Graduate Program in Surgery at UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
                [2 ]Doctor of Surgery, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
                [3 ]Orthopedist with residency completed at the Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
                [4 ]Master of Surgery, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazilo
                [5 ]Head, Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2,350, Sala de Gesso – Andar Térreo, Largo Eduardo Zaccaro Faraco – 90035-903 – Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilCorrespondence: Rua Ramiro Barcelos2,350, Sala de Gesso – Andar TérreoLargo Eduardo Zaccaro FaracoPorto AlegreRS90035-903Brazil giujr@ 123456hotmail.com galia@ 123456portoweb.com.br
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2255-4971(15)30037-9
                DOI: 10.1016/S2255-4971(15)30037-9
                PMC ID: 4799472
                PubMed ID: 27047899
                SO-VID: ca7bb999-fe5d-4f1e-ae8e-f03ed23a24c9
                Copyright © © 2012 Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 12 February 2012
                Date accepted : 12 April 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: bone transplantation,human,freeze drying
                Data availability:
                Keywords: bone transplantation, human, freeze drying

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