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      Papel de los prebióticos y los probióticos en la funcionalidad de la microbiota del paciente con nutrición enteral Translated title: Role of prebiotics and probiotics in the functionality of the microbiota in the patients receiving enteral nutrition

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          Abstract

          Resumen El conjunto de microorganismos residentes en nuestro organismo que se encarga de la absorción de los nutrientes y del mantenimiento de la salud se denomina microbiota. Sus principales funciones son protectoras, tróficas y metabólicas. Las distintas agrupaciones de microbiota intestinal se denominan enterotipos, cada uno de los cuales están relacionados con hábitos dietéticos específicos. La ausencia de estímulo enteral afecta tanto al epitelio y GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue) como al desarrollo de la microbiota. Altera la interacción con el sistema inmune, con una menor exclusión competitiva de bacterias más patógenas, lo que puede favorecer infecciones. Estos cambios son probablemente reversibles cuando se emplea suplementación con nutrición enteral. La fibra dietética y los prebióticos, al ser fermentados por la microbiota colónica, producen ácidos grasos de cadena corta y gases, generando un pH ácido en el intestino grueso que dificulta el crecimiento de microorganismos patógenos. La administración de probióticos asociados a la nutrición enteral en pacientes críticos se ha relacionado con menores tasas de infección sin evidenciarse efectos en la mortalidad, estancia media o diarrea. También se ha propuesto como estrategia para reducir las complicaciones infecciosas en cirugía programada y para reducir el tiempo de tolerancia de la alimentación enteral en neonatos pretérmino o de bajo peso. En pancreatitis aguda, se ha propuesto un posible papel de los probióticos para restablecer la integridad intestinal, pero son necesarios más estudios en materia de seguridad. Hay descritos casos aislados de bacteriemia, sepsis o endocarditis, habitualmente en pacientes inmunodeprimidos. Aun así, los beneficios parecen ser superiores frente a los riesgos.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Set of resident microorganisms in our body that are responsible for the absorption of nutrients and the maintenance of health is named microbiota. The microbiota´s role is protective, trophic and metabolic. Different groups of microbiota intestinal name enterotypes, each one of them are in relation to specific dietary habits. The absence of enteral stimulation affects both epithelial and GALT and the development of the microbiota. This situation modifies the immune system´s interaction, with a less competitive exclusion of more pathogenic bacteria, which can promote infections. These changes are likely reversible when supplementation with enteral nutrition is used. Dietary fibre and probiotics, to be fermented by colonic microbiota produce gases and short-chain fatty acids causing an acid pH in the large intestine which hinders the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. The administration of probiotic with enteral nutrition in critically ill patients was associated with lower rates of infection with no effect on mortality, average stay, or diarrhea. Also proposed as a strategy to reduce infectious complications in elective surgery and to reduce the time of tolerance of enteral feeding in preterm or low birth weight. In acute pancreatitis, it has been suggested a possible role of probiotics to restore intestinal integrity, but more safety studies are needed. There are isolated cases of bacteremia, sepsis or endocarditis usually in immunocompromised patients. Yet the benefits appear to be greater than the risks.

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          Most cited references27

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          Effects of gut microbes on nutrient absorption and energy regulation.

          Malnutrition may manifest as either obesity or undernutrition. Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays an important role in the harvest, storage, and expenditure of energy obtained from the diet. The composition of the gut microbiota has been shown to differ between lean and obese humans and mice; however, the specific roles that individual gut microbes play in energy harvest remain uncertain. The gut microbiota may also influence the development of conditions characterized by chronic low-level inflammation, such as obesity, through systemic exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide derived from the gut microbiota. In this review, the role of the gut microbiota in energy harvest and fat storage is explored, as well as differences in the microbiota in obesity and undernutrition.
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            Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome

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              The “Golden Age” of Probiotics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized and Observational Studies in Preterm Infants

              Over the last few years, probiotics have been one of the most studied interventions in neonatal medicine.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                2018
                : 35
                : spe2
                : 18-26
                Affiliations
                [1] León orgnameComplejo Asistencial Universitario de León orgdiv1Sección de Endocrinología y Nutrición Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112018000500018 S0212-1611(18)03500200018
                10.20960/nh.1956
                30547662
                ca82f7e8-de07-4535-af97-5a0457c6def2

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 47, Pages: 9
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Trabajos Originales

                Fibra dietética,Enteral nutrition,Microbiota,Probiotic,Dietary fibre,Prebiotic,Nutrición enteral,Probióticos,Prebióticos

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