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      Anti‐fungal bandages containing cinnamon extract

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          Abstract

          Cinnamon‐containing polycaprolactone (PCL) bandages were produced by pressurised gyration and their anti‐fungal activities against Candida albicans were investigated. It was found that by preparing and spinning polymer solutions of cinnamon with PCL, fibres capable of inhibiting fungal growth could be produced, as observed in disk diffusion tests for anti‐fungal susceptibility. Fascinatingly, compared with raw cinnamon powder, the novel cinnamon‐loaded fibres had outstanding long‐term activity. The results presented here are very promising and may indeed accelerate a new era of using completely natural materials in biomedical applications, especially in wound healing.

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          Most cited references29

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          Virulence factors of Candida albicans

          Candidiasis is a common infection of the skin, oral cavity and esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, vagina and vascular system of humans. Although most infections occur in patients who are immunocompromised or debilitated in some other way, the organism most often responsible for disease, Candida albicans, expresses several virulence factors that contribute to pathogenesis. These factors include host recognition biomolecules (adhesins), morphogenesis (the reversible transition between unicellular yeast cells and filamentous, growth forms), secreted aspartyl proteases and phospholipases. Additionally, 'phenotypic switching' is accompanied by changes in antigen expression, colony morphology and tissue affinities in C. albicans and several other Candida spp. Switching might provide cells with a flexibility that results in the adaptation of the organism to the hostile conditions imposed not only by the host but also by the physician treating the infection.
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            Antibacterial action of several tannins against Staphylococcus aureus.

            We examined the antibacterial action of several tannins on plasma coagulation by Staphylococcus aureus and the effect of conventional chemotherapy combined with tannic acid below the MIC. Coagulation was inhibited in plasma containing tannic acid (100 mg/L), gallic acid (5000 mg/L), ellagic acid (5000 mg/L), (-)-epicatechin (1500 mg/L), (-)-epicatechin gallate (500 mg/L) or (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (200 mg/L) after incubation for 24 h. All tannins inhibited coagulation at a concentration below the MIC. The MICs of oxacillin and cefdinir for S. aureus were reduced to < or = 0.06 mg/L in Mueller-Hinton agar plates with tannic acid (100 mg/L) at a concentration below the MIC. The antistaphylococcal activity of tannic acid was reduced in plates with 10% rabbit blood, but not in those with 10% rabbit plasma. Membranous structures formed in a culture medium containing equal proportions of plasma and tryptic soy broth after incubation for 24 h. The colony counts of S. aureus in membranous structures in the medium containing oxacillin (40 mg/L) and tannic acid (100 mg/L) were c. 10-fold lower than those in medium containing oxacillin (40 mg/L) alone (P < 0.01). Tannic acid merits further investigation as a possible adjuvant agent against S. aureus skin infections treated with beta-lactam antibiotics.
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              Evaluation of combined antibacterial effects of eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and carvacrol against E. coli with an improved method.

              In this study, the antibacterial activities of eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, carvacrol, and their combinations against E. coli were investigated separately. First, broth macro-dilution assay was adopted to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the 4 components. Second, the combination testing was performed using chequerboard method. Finally, the combined effects were evaluated with an improved method, which was based on the indices of fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) and Effect of the Combination (EC) jointly. The results indicated that MICs of the 4 components were 1600, 400, 400, and 400 mg/L, respectively; treatments with cinnamaldehyde/eugenol, thymol/eugenol, carvacrol/eugenol, and thymol/carvacrol revealed synergistic effects according to the 2 indices. By means of combination, MICs of eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and carvacrol decreased to 400, 100, 100, and 100 mg/L, respectively. Consequently, the negative impacts of unpleasant smell of these 4 components could be minimized, making it possible to add them to foods as preservatives. In addition, this improved evaluation method provided a more accurate and comprehensive way to evaluate combined effects.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                m.edirisinghe@ucl.ac.uk
                Journal
                Int Wound J
                Int Wound J
                10.1111/(ISSN)1742-481X
                IWJ
                International Wound Journal
                Blackwell Publishing Ltd (Oxford, UK )
                1742-4801
                1742-481X
                15 February 2019
                June 2019
                : 16
                : 3 ( doiID: 10.1111/iwj.2019.16.issue-3 )
                : 730-736
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London London UK
                [ 2 ] Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering University of Marmara Istanbul Turkey
                [ 3 ] School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hertfordshire UK
                [ 4 ] School of Engineering and Technology University of Hertfordshire Hertfordshire UK
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Prof. Mohan Edirisinghe, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Roberts Engineering Building, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE.

                Email: m.edirisinghe@ 123456ucl.ac.uk

                Article
                IWJ13090
                10.1111/iwj.13090
                6849878
                30767437
                caa0088c-d15c-4dbe-bbfc-fe60a5bf0922
                © 2019 The Authors. International Wound Journal published by Medicalhelplines.com Inc and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 21 November 2018
                : 09 January 2019
                : 14 January 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 0, Pages: 7, Words: 3563
                Funding
                Funded by: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK) , open-funder-registry 10.13039/100007472;
                Award ID: EP/L023059/1
                Award ID: EP/N034228/1
                Award ID: EP/S016872/1
                Categories
                Original Article
                Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                June 2019
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.7.1 mode:remove_FC converted:12.11.2019

                Emergency medicine & Trauma
                anti‐fungal,bandages,cinnamon,healthcare,mass production
                Emergency medicine & Trauma
                anti‐fungal, bandages, cinnamon, healthcare, mass production

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