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      Presencia de histoplasma capsulatum en heces de palomas mensajeras y de castilla en la ciudad de Lima, Perú Translated title: Presence of histoplasma capsulatum in faeces of homing pigeons and rock pigeons in Lima, Peru

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          Abstract

          El hongo Histoplasma capsulatum es el agente causal de la histoplasmosis, enfermedad de importancia en salud pública. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar su presencia en las heces de palomas domésticas (Columba livia) en la ciudad de Lima, Perú. Se recolectaron muestras de excretas de 245 palomas de Castilla y palomas mensajeras. Las muestras fueron sembradas en agar Sabouraud e incubadas a 37 y a 28 °C durante 2 a 4 semanas aproximadamente, y las colonias fueron identificadas por sus características macroscópicas y microscópicas. El 0.41% (1/245) de las muestras fueron positivas a H. capsulatum, en tanto que el programa de simulación estocástica beta-pert (@Risk) determinó una prevalencia mínima de 0.369% y máxima de 0.451%.

          Translated abstract

          The fungus Histoplasma capsulatum is the causative agent of histoplasmosis, disease of public health importance. The aim of this study was to determine its presence in faeces of domestic pigeons (Columba livia) in the city of Lima, Peru. Faecal samples (n=245) were collected, processed and cultivated in Sabouraud agar at 37 and 28 °C for 2 to 4 weeks approximately. The colonies were identified by macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Only 0.41% (1/245) of samples were positive to H. capsulatum, while the beta-pert (@Risk) stochastic simulation showed a minimum prevalence of 0.369% and a maximum prevalence of 0.451%.

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          Most cited references21

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          Histoplasmosis: a Clinical and Laboratory Update

          Infection with Histoplasma capsulatum occurs commonly in areas in the Midwestern United States and Central America, but symptomatic disease requiring medical care is manifest in very few patients. The extent of disease depends on the number of conidia inhaled and the function of the host's cellular immune system. Pulmonary infection is the primary manifestation of histoplasmosis, varying from mild pneumonitis to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. In those with emphysema, a chronic progressive form of histoplasmosis can ensue. Dissemination of H. capsulatum within macrophages is common and becomes symptomatic primarily in patients with defects in cellular immunity. The spectrum of disseminated infection includes acute, severe, life-threatening sepsis and chronic, slowly progressive infection. Diagnostic accuracy has improved greatly with the use of an assay for Histoplasma antigen in the urine; serology remains useful for certain forms of histoplasmosis, and culture is the ultimate confirming diagnostic test. Classically, histoplasmosis has been treated with long courses of amphotericin B. Today, amphotericin B is rarely used except for severe infection and then only for a few weeks, followed by azole therapy. Itraconazole is the azole of choice following initial amphotericin B treatment and for primary treatment of mild to moderate histoplasmosis.
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            Morphogenesis and pathogenicity of Histoplasma capsulatum.

            The sulfhydryl blocking agent p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid (PCMS) irreversibly inhibited the mycelium-to-yeast transitions of two virulent strains of Histoplasma capsulatum, G184A and G222B, when the temperature of incubation was raised to 37 degrees C, and the block persisted even after the cultures were washed free of PCMS. Instead of transforming to yeast cells, PCMS-treated mycelia continued to grow as mycelia at the elevated temperatures. A less virulent strain (Downs) was more temperature sensitive, but it showed a similar irreversible effect at 34 degrees C. Therefore, the mycelium-to-yeast transition of H. capsulatum is not required for the adaptation of mycelia to elevated temperatures but probably results from the temperature-dependent activation of yeast-specific genes. The transition to yeast is inferred to be obligate for pathogenicity in mice because PCMS-treated mycelia failed to cause infection, and no fungi were seen in tissues after PCMS-treated mycelia were injected into mice.
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              Histoplasma capsulatum molecular genetics, pathogenesis, and responsiveness to its environment.

              Histoplasma capsulatum is a thermally dimorphic ascomycete that is a significant cause of respiratory and systemic disease in mammals including humans, especially immunocompromised individuals such as AIDS patients. As an environmental mold found in the soil, it is a successful member of a competitive polymicrobial ecosystem. Its host-adapted yeast form is a facultative intracellular pathogen of mammalian macrophages. H. capsulatum faces a variety of environmental changes during the course of infection and must survive under harsh conditions or modulate its microenvironment to achieve success as a pathogen. Histoplasmosis may be considered the fungal homolog of the bacterial infection tuberculosis, since both H. capsulatum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploit the macrophage as a host cell and can cause acute or persistent pulmonary and disseminated infection and reactivation disease. The identification and functional analysis of biologically or pathogenically important H. capsulatum genes have been greatly facilitated by the development of molecular genetic experimental capabilities in this organism. This review focuses on responsiveness of this fungus to its environment, including differential expression of genes and adaptive phenotypic traits.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rivep
                Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú
                Rev. investig. vet. Perú
                Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria (Lima, , Peru )
                1609-9117
                July 2017
                : 28
                : 3
                : 636-641
                Affiliations
                [02] Lima orgnameUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria orgdiv2Laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología Veterinaria Perú
                [01] Lima orgnameUniversidad Científica del Sur orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia orgdiv2Laboratorio de Microbiología Perú
                Article
                S1609-91172017000300016
                10.15381/rivep.v28i3.13348
                cace9ddf-0460-4054-97d0-3b83e18f2857

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 February 2017
                : 28 July 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Peru


                palomas domésticas,salud pública,Histoplasma capsulatum,domestic pigeons,public health

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