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      Gender, literacy, and survival among Ethiopian adults, 1987 - 96 Translated title: Relations entre sexe, niveau d'éducation et survie chez des éthiopiens adultes, 1987-1996 Translated title: Género, alfabetización y supervivencia entre los etíopes adultos, 1987 - 1996

      research-article
      , ,   ,
      Bulletin of the World Health Organization
      World Health Organization
      Mortality, Survival, Educational status, Sex factors, Age factors, Socioeconomic factors, Rural population, Urban population, Men, Women, Adult, Cohort studies, Regression analysis, Ethiopia, Mortalité, Survie, Niveau instruction, Facteur sexuel, Facteur âge, Facteur socio-économique, Population rurale, Population urbaine, Hommes, Femmes, Adulte, Etude cohorte, Analyse régression, Ethiopie, Mortalidad, Supervivencia, Escolaridad, Factores sexuales, Factores de edad, Factores socioeconómicos, Población rural, Población urbana, Hombres, Mujeres, Adulto, Estudios de cohortes, Análisis de regresión, Etiopía

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To examine relationships between gender, literacy and survival among adults in Meskan and Mareko district, Ethiopia. METHODS: On the basis of an established demographic surveillance system, an open-cohort analysis of 172 726 person-years covering the period January 1987 to December 1996 was conducted in 10 randomly selected local communities. FINDINGS: The crude mortality rate was 11.2 per 1000 person-years among adults aged > or = 15 years; the values for males and females were 11.9 and 10.6 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Kaplan - Meier estimates showed that literacy and being female were both favourable for survival throughout adulthood. Cox's regression models showed that age, gender, literacy and area (rural lowland, rural highland and urban) were significant factors in survival: younger, female, literate urban dwellers were the most favoured. Gender differences in mortality were small in the rural areas, possibly because of the harsh living conditions and the marginalization of women. Literacy was a more significant factor for survival in the rural areas, where mortality was highest, while gender was more important in the one urban area studied. The levels of literacy were lowest among rural females. CONCLUSION: Special attention should be given to raising literacy levels among rural women with a view to improving their survival.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF: Examiner les relations entre le sexe, le degré d'éducation et la survie chez des adultes habitant le district de Meskan et Mareko (Ethiopie). MÉTHODES: En s'appuyant sur le système de surveillance démographique existant, une étude de cohorte ouverte a été réalisée de janvier 1987 à décembre 1996 sur 172 726 personnes- année dans 10 communautés locales sélectionnées aléatoirement. RÉSULTATS: Le taux brut de mortalité était de 11,2 pour 1000 personnes-année chez les adultes >=15 ans; en fonction du sexe, ces chiffres étaient de 11,9 chez les hommes et 10,6 chez les femmes pour 1000 personnes-année. Les estimations par la méthode de Kaplan-Meier montrent que le degré d'éducation et le fait d'être une femme sont deux facteurs favorables à la survie dans la période adulte. Le modèle de Cox montre que l'âge, le sexe, le niveau d'éducation et le secteur d'habitation (basses terres rurales, hautes terres rurales et zones urbaines) sont des facteurs importants de survie : les habitants des zones urbaines jeunes, de sexe féminin, ayant un certain degré d'éducation sont les plus favorisés. Les écarts de mortalité en fonction du sexe sont faibles en milieu rural, en raison peut-être des conditions de vie difficiles et de la marginalisation des femmes. Le facteur de survie le plus important dans les zones rurales, où la mortalité est maximale, est le degré d'éducation; il est remplacé par le sexe dans une des zones urbaines étudiées. Le plus faible degré d'éducation s'observe chez les femmes des zones rurales. CONCLUSION: Il est souhaitable d'accorder une attention particulière au développement de l'éducation des femmes en milieu rural afin d'améliorer leur survie.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Examinar la relación entre el género, la alfabetización y la supervivencia entre los adultos del distrito de Meskan y Mareko, Etiopía. MÉTODOS: Sobre la base de un sistema de vigilancia demográfica ya establecido, se realizó un análisis de cohortes abierto con 172 726 personas-año, que abarcó el periodo de enero de 1987 a diciembre de 1996, en 10 comunidades locales seleccionadas al azar. RESULTADOS: La tasa bruta de mortalidad fue de 11,2 por 1000 personas-año entre los adultos > o = 15 años; las cifras para hombres y mujeres fueron de 11,9 y 10,6 por 1000 personas-año, respectivamente. Las estimaciones de Kaplan - Meier revelaron que la alfabetización y la condición de mujer eran ambos factores favorables para la supervivencia durante la vida adulta. Los modelos de regresión de Cox mostraron que la edad, el sexo, la alfabetización y la zona (tierras bajas rurales, altiplano rural y medio urbano) influían de manera importante en la supervivencia: las mujeres jóvenes y alfabetizadas que residían en ciudades eran las personas más favorecidas. Las diferencias de mortalidad por sexos fueron pequeñas en las zonas rurales, posiblemente debido a las duras condiciones de vida y la marginación de las mujeres. La alfabetización fue un factor más importante para la supervivencia en las zonas rurales, donde más alta era la mortalidad, mientras que el sexo fue más importante en la zona urbana estudiada. Los niveles de alfabetización más bajos fueron los hallados entre las mujeres rurales. CONCLUSIÓN: Hay que poner especial interés en aumentar el nivel de alfabetización entre las mujeres de las zonas rurales a fin de mejorar su supervivencia.

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          Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health.

          Men in the United States suffer more severe chronic conditions, have higher death rates for all 15 leading causes of death, and die nearly 7 yr younger than women. Health-related beliefs and behaviours are important contributors to these differences. Men in the United States are more likely than women to adopt beliefs and behaviours that increase their risks, and are less likely to engage in behaviours that are linked with health and longevity. In an attempt to explain these differences, this paper proposes a relational theory of men's health from a social constructionist and feminist perspective. It suggests that health-related beliefs and behaviours, like other social practices that women and men engage in, are a means for demonstrating femininities and masculinities. In examining constructions of masculinity and health within a relational context, this theory proposes that health behaviours are used in daily interactions in the social structuring of gender and power. It further proposes that the social practices that undermine men's health are often signifiers of masculinity and instruments that men use in the negotiation of social power and status. This paper explores how factors such as ethnicity, economic status, educational level, sexual orientation and social context influence the kind of masculinity that men construct and contribute to differential health risks among men in the United States. It also examines how masculinity and health are constructed in relation to femininities and to institutional structures, such as the health care system. Finally, it explores how social and institutional structures help to sustain and reproduce men's health risks and the social construction of men as the stronger sex.
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            Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health

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              Gender differences in health: are things really as simple as they seem?

              It is conventional wisdom in medical sociology and social epidemiology that in industrialized societies men die earlier than women, but that women have poorer health than men. A number of explanations for these differences have been postulated and tested (for example, different biological risks, acquired risks, reporting biases and experiences of health care). Using two recent British data sets we find that the pattern of sex differences in morbidity is more complicated than the conventional wisdom often suggests. The direction and magnitude of sex differences in health vary according to the particular symptom or condition in question and according to the phase of the life cycle. Female excess is only consistently found across the life span for psychological distress and is far less apparent, or reversed, for a number of physical symptoms and conditions. Detailed inspection of papers on gender differences published in the last decade reveals that our findings are not unique, but that a relatively undifferentiated model of consistent sex differences has nevertheless continued to predominate in the literature. We believe that the topic of gender differences in health warrants periodic re-examination.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                September 2002
                : 80
                : 9
                : 714-720
                Affiliations
                [01] Addis Ababa orgnameAddis Ababa University orgdiv1Department of Community Health Ethiopia
                [03] Umeå orgnameUmeå University orgdiv1Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine Sweden
                [02] orgnameUmeå University orgdiv1Department of Clinical Science
                Article
                S0042-96862002000900007 S0042-9686(02)08000907
                cadb37be-278b-49cf-83e0-82d357c59d27

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Research

                Rural population,Urban population,Men,Women,Adult,Cohort studies,Regression analysis,Estudios de cohortes,Adulto,Análisis de regresión,Etiopía,Mujeres,Factores socioeconómicos,Hombres,Población rural,Población urbana,Factores sexuales,Ethiopie,Factores de edad,Escolaridad,Mortalidad,Supervivencia,Analyse régression,Population rurale,Etude cohorte,Femmes,Adulte,Facteur socio-économique,Population urbaine,Hommes,Facteur âge,Facteur sexuel,Survie,Niveau instruction,Socioeconomic factors,Mortalité,Age factors,Sex factors,Survival,Educational status,Mortality,Ethiopia

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