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      Performance evaluation of thrombomodulin, thrombin‐antithrombin complex, plasmin‐α2‐antiplasmin complex, and t‐PA: PAI‐1 complex

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          Abstract

          Background

          To conduct a comprehensive performance evaluation of a fully automated analyzer for measuring thrombomodulin (TM), thrombin‐antithrombin complex (TAT), plasmin‐α2‐antiplasmin complex (PAP), and t‐PA: PAI‐1 complex (tPAI‐C).

          Methods

          According to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) EP05‐A2, EP06‐A specifications, TM, TAT, PAP, and tPAI‐C were analyzed to evaluate intraassay variability and interassay variability, linear range, carryover rate, reference range, sample stability, and interferences.

          Results

          The intraassay variability and interassay variability of the four factors were all below 5%. The carryover rates were below 1%. Linear verification analysis revealed correlation coefficients of 0.998‐0.999. The recommended reference ranges of TM, TAT, and PAP were appropriate for our laboratory, whereas the reference of tPAI‐C should be established by each laboratory. Stability assessment revealed that TM is stable for 2 days at room temperature but lacks stability at colder temperatures. In contrast, TAT is stable for 5 days at 4°C and −20°C but has poor stability at room temperature. PAP and tPAI‐C are stable for 3 days at all three temperatures. The measurement of TM, TAT, PAP, and tPAI‐C is not altered by the presence of 510 mg/dL hemoglobin, 1490 FTU triglycerides, or 21.1 mg/dL conjugated and free bilirubin.

          Conclusion

          The determination of TM, TAT, PAP, and tPAI‐C using a high‐sensitivity chemiluminescence analyzer performs well in terms of precision, carryover rate, linear range, and interference. Thus, this method is suitable for the detection of these substances in clinical specimens.

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          Most cited references 14

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          Classifying types of disseminated intravascular coagulation: clinical and animal models

           Hidesaku Asakura (2014)
          Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) has a common pathogenesis in terms of persistent widespread activation of coagulation in the presence of underlying disease, but the degree of fibrinolytic activation often differs by DIC type. DIC with suppressed fibrinolysis is a DIC type usually seen in sepsis. Coagulation activation is severe, but fibrinolytic activation is mild. DIC with enhanced fibrinolysis is a DIC type usually seen in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Both coagulation activation and fibrinolytic activation are severe. DIC with balanced fibrinolysis is a DIC type usually seen in solid tumors, with an intermediate pathogenesis between the above two types. In animal DIC models, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced models are similar to suppressed-fibrinolytic-type DIC, whereas tissue factor (TF)-induced models are similar to enhanced fibrinolytic/balanced fibrinolytic DIC. Appropriate diagnosis and treatment may also differ depending on the DIC type.
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            Functional Stability of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1

             Songul Yasar Yildiz,  Pınar Kuru,  Ebru Toksoy Oner … (2014)
            Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the main inhibitor of plasminogen activators, such as tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), and a major regulator of the fibrinolytic system. PAI-1 plays a pivotal role in acute thrombotic events such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and myocardial infarction (MI). The biological effects of PAI-1 extend far beyond thrombosis including its critical role in fibrotic disorders, atherosclerosis, renal and pulmonary fibrosis, type-2 diabetes, and cancer. The conversion of PAI-1 from the active to the latent conformation appears to be unique among serpins in that it occurs spontaneously at a relatively rapid rate. Latency transition is believed to represent a regulatory mechanism, reducing the risk of thrombosis from a prolonged antifibrinolytic action of PAI-1. Thus, relying solely on plasma concentrations of PAI-1 without assessing its function may be misleading in interpreting the role of PAI-1 in many complex diseases. Environmental conditions, interaction with other proteins, mutations, and glycosylation are the main factors that have a significant impact on the stability of the PAI-1 structure. This review provides an overview on the current knowledge on PAI-1 especially importance of PAI-1 level and stability and highlights the potential use of PAI-1 inhibitors for treating cardiovascular disease.
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              Kinetics of thrombomodulin release and endothelial cell injury by neutrophil-derived proteases and oxygen radicals.

               Michael Boehme,  Peter Galle,  Wolfgang Stremmel (2002)
              Thrombomodulin is a transmembranous glycoprotein of endothelial cells. In vitro it is a marker of endothelial cell injury. In vivo the levels of serum thrombomodulin are regarded as a parameter of activity in vasculitides. The latter are pathophysiologically determined by neutrophil-derived inflammation and endothelial cell injury caused by secretion of proteases and hydrogen peroxide. It was the objective of this study to determine whether thrombomodulin is only a late marker of advanced endothelial cell injury or whether it indicates also earlier stages of cell alterations. Over 24 hr endothelial cell cultures were incubated with hydrogen peroxide or the neutrophil proteases proteinase-3, elastase and cathepsin G. The time-dependent increase of thrombomodulin in the supernatant was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot. In addition the viability (eosin, tetrazolium dye assay), detachment (crystal-violet assay), and apoptosis (4',6-diamine-2'-phenylindole-dihydrochloride assay) of the respective endothelial cells were determined for adherent and non-adherent cells. A rapid thrombomodulin increase was found under all experimental conditions. The additional immunoblotting analysis showed the pattern of proteolytic cleavage caused by the protease reactivity. In case of hydrogen peroxide the thrombomodulin increase was closely correlated with the loss of cell viability and lysis. The incubation of endothelial cells with the different proteases resulted in a time-dependent detachment of primarily viable cells. In addition to cell necrosis apoptotic cell death was found in the subgroup of detached endothelial cells after prolonged incubation over 24 hr with proteinase-3 (23%), elastase (31%), and cathepsin G (19%). In contrast, still adhering cells did not show any signs of necrosis or apoptosis. In summary these studies confirm in vitro that soluble thrombomodulin is not only a parameter of advanced endothelial cell destruction itself but also in addition an early marker of initial endothelial cell membrane changes induced by neutrophil derived proteases and oxygen radicals.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Wei Cui: wendycuiwei@sina.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Clin Lab Anal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Clin. Lab. Anal
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)1098-2825
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JCLA
                Title: Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 0887-8013
                ISSN (Electronic): 1098-2825
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 May 2019
                Publication date Collection: July 2019
                Volume: 33
                Issue: 6 ( doiID: 10.1002/jcla.2019.33.issue-6 )
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
                [ 2 ] Department of Clinical Laboratory Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
                Author notes
                [* ] Correspondence

                Wei Cui, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China.

                Email: wendycuiwei@ 123456sina.cn

                Article
                Publisher ID: JCLA22913
                DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22913
                PMC ID: 6642299
                PubMed ID: 31090232
                Copyright statement: © 2019 The Authors Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 5, Pages: 7, Words: 3457
                Product
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Research Articles
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                component-id jcla22913
                cover-date July 2019
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.7.0 mode:remove_FC converted:24.10.2019

                Data availability:

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical chemistry

                Keywords: t‐pa: pai‐1 complex, plasmin‐α2‐antiplasmin, thrombin‐antithrombin, thrombomodulin

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