Sobrecarga del cuidador de personas en diálisis y el significado de participar en un grupo de apoyo: estudio con metodología mixta  <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Caregiver burden of individuals on dialysis and the meaning of participating in a support group: a mixed-methods study </span>

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Abstract

RESUMEN Introducción: El cuidador de la persona en diálisis requiere intervenciones específicas orientadas al cuidado de sí mismo. La intervención grupo de apoyo es una estrategia construida conjuntamente con personas que se enfrentan a los mismos problemas para compartir sus experiencias y brindarse apoyo mutuo a través de acciones planificadas. Objetivo: Caracterizar el cuidador de personas en diálisis, su sobrecarga y comprender los significados construidos por su participación en un grupo de apoyo. Materiales y Método: estudio de diseño mixto, descriptivo, participaron 68 cuidadores. La fase cuantitativa se realizó mediante los instrumentos: Ficha de caracterización de la díada persona con Enfermedad Crónica No Transmisible- cuidador familiar y La Escala de sobrecarga de Zarit; y la fase cualitativa con enfoque fenomenológico hermenéutico, se realizaron 8 entrevistas en profundidad. Resultados: La mayoría de cuidadores eran mujeres, con edad promedio de 49,4±13,5 años. Un alto porcentaje con bajo nivel socioeconómico y de escolaridad, su principal ocupación era el hogar. La mayoría estaba casada y profesaba la religión católica, llevaban 14 meses o más cuidando, sin experiencia previa y contaban con algún tipo de apoyo para realizar su tarea. Se identificó en ellos algún grado de sobrecarga. En el análisis de las entrevistas los temas emergentes fueron: aprenderse en el cuidado; encontrarse con comprensión y solidaridad; apoyarse en las necesidades; compartirse la dureza del cuidado; acompañarse en la espiritualidad; reorganizarse para seguir cuidando. Conclusiones: Los cuidadores viven en contextos que aumentan la vulnerabilidad, para ellos el grupo de apoyo fue un espacio de soporte social, fuente de bienestar, acompañamiento y apoyo desde el cuidado enfermero.

Translated abstract

ABSTRACT Introduction: The caregiver of a person on dialysis requires specific interventions aimed at self-care. Support group intervention is a strategy built in collaboration with individuals facing similar issues to share experiences and provide mutual support through planned actions. Objective: To characterize caregivers of individuals on dialysis, understand their burden, and comprehend the meanings constructed through their participation in a support group. Materials and Method: A mixed-methods descriptive study involving 68 caregivers was conducted. The quantitative phase utilized the instrument “Characterization Form of the Non-Communicable Chronic Disease-Patient Caregiver Dyad,” while the qualitative phase employed a hermeneutic phenomenological approach, consisting of 8 in-depth interviews. Results: The majority of caregivers were women, with an average age of 49.4±13.5 years. A high percentage had low socioeconomic status and education levels, with their main occupation being homemaking. Most were married and practiced the Catholic religion, had been providing care for 14 months or more, had no previous caregiving experience, and received some form of support to carry out their tasks. Some degree of burden was identified among them. The analysis of the interviews revealed emerging themes: learning through caregiving, finding understanding and solidarity, supporting each other’s needs, sharing the hardships of caregiving, accompanying each other in spirituality, and reorganizing to continue caregiving. Conclusions: Caregivers live in contexts that increase vulnerability, and for them, the support group provided a space for social support, well-being, accompaniment, and support from nursing care.

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Chronic Kidney Disease.

Angela Webster, Evi V Nagler, Rachael Morton … (2017)

The definition and classification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have evolved over time, but current international guidelines define this condition as decreased kidney function shown by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min per 1·73 m(2), or markers of kidney damage, or both, of at least 3 months duration, regardless of the underlying cause. Diabetes and hypertension are the main causes of CKD in all high-income and middle-income countries, and also in many low-income countries. Incidence, prevalence, and progression of CKD also vary within countries by ethnicity and social determinants of health, possibly through epigenetic influence. Many people are asymptomatic or have non-specific symptoms such as lethargy, itch, or loss of appetite. Diagnosis is commonly made after chance findings from screening tests (urinary dipstick or blood tests), or when symptoms become severe. The best available indicator of overall kidney function is GFR, which is measured either via exogenous markers (eg, DTPA, iohexol), or estimated using equations. Presence of proteinuria is associated with increased risk of progression of CKD and death. Kidney biopsy samples can show definitive evidence of CKD, through common changes such as glomerular sclerosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. Complications include anaemia due to reduced production of erythropoietin by the kidney; reduced red blood cell survival and iron deficiency; and mineral bone disease caused by disturbed vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate metabolism. People with CKD are five to ten times more likely to die prematurely than they are to progress to end stage kidney disease. This increased risk of death rises exponentially as kidney function worsens and is largely attributable to death from cardiovascular disease, although cancer incidence and mortality are also increased. Health-related quality of life is substantially lower for people with CKD than for the general population, and falls as GFR declines. Interventions targeting specific symptoms, or aimed at supporting educational or lifestyle considerations, make a positive difference to people living with CKD. Inequity in access to services for this disease disproportionally affects disadvantaged populations, and health service provision to incentivise early intervention over provision of care only for advanced CKD is still evolving in many countries.