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      Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy with gemcitabine/cisplatin and surgery versus immediate surgery in resectable pancreatic cancer : Results of the first prospective randomized phase II trial. Translated title: Neoadjuvante Radiochemotherapie mit Gemcitabin/Cisplatin gefolgt von Resektion versus primärer Resektion bei resektablem Pankreaskopfkarzinom : Ergebnisse der ersten prospektiven randomisierten Phase-II-Studie

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          Abstract

          Background

          In nonrandomized trials, neoadjuvant treatment was reported to prolong survival in patients with pancreatic cancer. As neoadjuvant chemoradiation is established for the treatment of rectal cancer we examined the value of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in pancreatic cancer in a randomized phase II trial. Radiological staging defining resectability was basic information prior to randomization in contrast to adjuvant therapy trials resting on pathological staging.

          Patients and methods

          Patients with resectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head were randomized to primary surgery (Arm A) or neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery (Arm B), which was followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in both arms. A total of 254 patients were required to detect a 4.33-month improvement in median overall survival (mOS).

          Results

          The trial was stopped after 73 patients; 66 patients were eligible for analysis. Twenty nine of 33 allocated patients received chemoradiotherapy. Radiotherapy was completed in all patients. Chemotherapy was changed in 3 patients due to toxicity. Tumor resection was performed in 23 vs. 19 patients (A vs. B). The R0 resection rate was 48 % (A) and 52 % (B, P = 0.81) and (y)pN0 was 30 % (A) vs. 39 % (B, P = 0.44), respectively. Postoperative complications were comparable in both groups. mOS was 14.4 vs. 17.4 months (A vs. B; intention-to-treat analysis; P = 0.96). After tumor resection, mOS was 18.9 vs. 25.0 months (A vs. B; P = 0.79).

          Conclusion

          This worldwide first randomized trial for neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in pancreatic cancer showed that neoadjuvant chemoradiation is safe with respect to toxicity, perioperative morbidity, and mortality. Nevertheless, the trial was terminated early due to slow recruiting and the results were not significant. ISRCTN78805636; NCT00335543.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi: 10.1007/s00066-014-0737-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

          Zusammenfassung

          Hintergrund

          Mehrere nichtrandomisierte Studien zeigten, dass eine neoadjuvante Therapie das Überleben bei Patienten mit Pankreaskarzinom verlängert. Beim lokal fortgeschrittenen Rektumkarzinom gehört die neoadjuvante Radiochemotherapie bereits zum Therapiestandard. Analog wurde der Stellenwert einer Radiochemotherapie beim Pankreaskarzinom in einer randomisierten Phase-II-Studie untersucht. Das prätherapeutische radiologische Staging war Grundlage dieser Studie im Gegensatz zu adjuvanten Therapiestudien, die auf pathohistologischem Staging basieren.

          Patienten und Methoden

          Patienten mit resektablem Pankreaskopfkarzinom wurden randomisiert in primäre Operation (Arm A) versus neoadjuvante Radiochemotherapie gefolgt von einer Operation (Arm B). Beide Gruppen erhielten eine adjuvante Chemotherapie. Es waren 254 Patienten erforderlich, um eine Verbesserung des medianen Gesamtüberlebens von 4,33 Monaten zu erfassen.

          Ergebnisse

          Die Studie wurde wegen zögerlicher Rekrutierung nach Einschluss von 73 Patienten beendet. Insgesamt konnten 66 Patienten ausgewertet werden. Die ihnen zugeordnete Radiochemotherapie erhielten 29 von 33 Patienten. Alle Patienten bekamen die vollständige Bestrahlungstherapie. Wegen der Toxizität wurde bei 3 Patienten die Chemotherapie reduziert. Eine Pankreastumorresektion erhielten 23 vs. 19 Patienten (A vs. B). Die R0-Resektionsrate betrug 48 % (A) und 52 % (B, P = 0,81). Bei 30 % (A) versus 39 % (B, P = 0,44) der resezierten Patienten waren keine Lymphknotenmetastasen vorhanden. Die postoperativen Komplikationen waren in beiden Gruppen vergleichbar. Das mediane Gesamtüberleben betrug 14,4 vs. 17,4 Monate (A vs. B; „Intention-to-treat“-Analyse; P = 0,96). Nach Pankreastumorresektion stieg das Gesamtüberleben auf 18,9 vs. 25,0 Monate (A vs. B; P = 0,79).

          Schlussfolgerung

          Diese weltweit erste randomisierte Studie zur neoadjuvanten Radiochemotherapie beim Pankreaskopfkarzinom war in Bezug auf Toxizität sowie perioperative Morbidität und Mortalität gut durchführbar. Die Ergebnisse sind jedoch nicht signifikant, da diese randomisierte Studie vorzeitig wegen mangelnder Rekrutierung beendet werden musste. ISRCTN78805636; NCT00335543.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi: 10.1007/s00066-014-0737-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references26

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          Adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine and long-term outcomes among patients with resected pancreatic cancer: the CONKO-001 randomized trial.

          The prognosis for patients with pancreatic cancer is poor, even after resection with curative intent. Gemcitabine-based chemotherapy is standard treatment for advanced pancreatic cancer, but its effect on survival in the adjuvant setting has not been demonstrated. To analyze whether previously reported improvement in disease-free survival with adjuvant gemcitabine therapy translates into improved overall survival. CONKO-001 (Charité Onkologie 001), a multicenter, open-label, phase 3 randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of gemcitabine in patients with pancreatic cancer after complete tumor resection. Patients with macroscopically completely removed pancreatic cancer entered the study between July 1998 and December 2004 in 88 hospitals in Germany and Austria. Follow-up ended in September 2012. After stratification for tumor stage, nodal status, and resection status, patients were randomly assigned to either adjuvant gemcitabine treatment (1g/m2 d 1, 8, 15, q 4 weeks) for 6 months or to observation alone. The primary end point was disease-free survival. Secondary end points included treatment safety and overall survival, with overall survival defined as the time from date of randomization to death. Patients lost to follow-up were censored on the date of their last follow-up. A total of 368 patients were randomized, and 354 were eligible for intention-to-treat-analysis. By September 2012, 308 patients (87.0% [95% CI, 83.1%-90.1%]) had relapsed and 316 patients (89.3% [95% CI, 85.6%-92.1%]) had died. The median follow-up time was 136 months. The median disease-free survival was 13.4 (95% CI, 11.6-15.3) months in the treatment group compared with 6.7 (95% CI, 6.0-7.5) months in the observation group (hazard ratio, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.44-0.69]; P < .001). Patients randomized to adjuvant gemcitabine treatment had prolonged overall survival compared with those randomized to observation alone (hazard ratio, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.61-0.95]; P = .01), with 5-year overall survival of 20.7% (95% CI, 14.7%-26.6%) vs 10.4% (95% CI, 5.9%-15.0%), respectively, and 10-year overall survival of 12.2% (95% CI, 7.3%-17.2%) vs 7.7% (95% CI, 3.6%-11.8%). Among patients with macroscopic complete removal of pancreatic cancer, the use of adjuvant gemcitabine for 6 months compared with observation alone resulted in increased overall survival as well as disease-free survival. These findings provide strong support for the use of gemcitabine in this setting. isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN34802808.
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            Adjuvant chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus folinic acid vs gemcitabine following pancreatic cancer resection: a randomized controlled trial.

            Adjuvant fluorouracil has been shown to be of benefit for patients with resected pancreatic cancer. Gemcitabine is known to be the most effective agent in advanced disease as well as an effective agent in patients with resected pancreatic cancer. To determine whether fluorouracil or gemcitabine is superior in terms of overall survival as adjuvant treatment following resection of pancreatic cancer. The European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer (ESPAC)-3 trial, an open-label, phase 3, randomized controlled trial conducted in 159 pancreatic cancer centers in Europe, Australasia, Japan, and Canada. Included in ESPAC-3 version 2 were 1088 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma who had undergone cancer resection; patients were randomized between July 2000 and January 2007 and underwent at least 2 years of follow-up. Patients received either fluorouracil plus folinic acid (folinic acid, 20 mg/m(2), intravenous bolus injection, followed by fluorouracil, 425 mg/m(2) intravenous bolus injection given 1-5 days every 28 days) (n = 551) or gemcitabine (1000 mg/m(2) intravenous infusion once a week for 3 of every 4 weeks) (n = 537) for 6 months. Primary outcome measure was overall survival; secondary measures were toxicity, progression-free survival, and quality of life. Final analysis was carried out on an intention-to-treat basis after a median of 34.2 (interquartile range, 27.1-43.4) months' follow-up after 753 deaths (69%). Median survival was 23.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 21.1-25.0) months for patients treated with fluorouracil plus folinic acid and 23.6 (95% CI, 21.4-26.4) months for those treated with gemcitabine (chi(1)(2) = 0.7; P = .39; hazard ratio, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.81-1.08]). Seventy-seven patients (14%) receiving fluorouracil plus folinic acid had 97 treatment-related serious adverse events, compared with 40 patients (7.5%) receiving gemcitabine, who had 52 events (P < .001). There were no significant differences in either progression-free survival or global quality-of-life scores between the treatment groups. Compared with the use of fluorouracil plus folinic acid, gemcitabine did not result in improved overall survival in patients with completely resected pancreatic cancer. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00058201.
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              Preoperative gemcitabine-based chemoradiation for patients with resectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head.

              We conducted a phase II trial to assess the outcomes of patients who received preoperative gemcitabine-based chemoradiation and pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for stage I/II pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Eligible patients with pancreatic head/uncinate process adenocarcinoma and radiographically defined potentially resectable disease received chemoradiation with 7 weekly intravenous (IV) infusions of gemcitabine (400 mg/m(2) IV over 30 minutes) plus radiation therapy (30 Gy in 10 fractions over 2 weeks). Patients underwent restaging 4 to 6 weeks after completion of chemoradiation and, in the absence of disease progression, were taken to surgery. The study enrolled 86 patients. At the time of restaging, disease progression or a decline in performance status precluded 13 patients from surgery. Seventy-three (85%) of 86 patients were taken to surgery, extrapancreatic disease was found in nine, and 64 (74%) of 86 underwent a successful PD. Median overall survival (86 patients) was 22.7 months with a 27% 5-year survival. Median survival was 34 months for the 64 patients who underwent PD and 7 months for the 22 unresected patients (P < .001). The 5-year survival for those who did and did not undergo PD was 36% and 0%, respectively. Preoperative gemcitabine-based chemoradiation followed by restaging and evaluation for surgery separated the study population into two different subsets: patients likely to benefit from PD (n = 64) and those in whom surgery would be unlikely to provide clinical benefit (n = 22). Furthermore, the encouraging overall survival observed in this large trial supports the continued investigation of gemcitabine-based preoperative therapy in resectable pancreatic cancer.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                0049-(0)9131-8533391 , henriette.golcher@uk-erlangen.de
                Journal
                Strahlenther Onkol
                Strahlenther Onkol
                Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                0179-7158
                1439-099X
                25 September 2014
                25 September 2014
                2015
                : 191
                : 7-16
                Affiliations
                [ ]Department of Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
                [ ]Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
                [ ]Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
                [ ]Department of Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
                [ ]General Surgery, Hospital Dresden-Friedrichstadt, Dresden, Germany
                [ ]General Surgery, Hospital of Kanton St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
                [ ]Department of Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
                [ ]Department of Surgery – Hospital Campus Großhadern, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
                [ ]Department of Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
                [ ]Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Coburg, Coburg, Germany
                [ ]General Surgery, Hospital Ansbach, Ansbach, Germany
                Article
                737
                10.1007/s00066-014-0737-7
                4289008
                25252602
                caf47500-8544-4084-837f-2026cd1a5e94
                © The Author(s) 2014
                History
                : 11 January 2014
                : 23 July 2014
                Categories
                Original Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                adenocarcinoma,chemoradiation,pancreas,surgical procedures,operative,survival,adenokarzinom,radiochemotherapie,pankreas,operative chirurgische verfahren,überleben

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