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      Getting the Word Out: New Approaches for Disseminating Public Health Science

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          Abstract

          The gap between discovery of public health knowledge and application in practice settings and policy development is due in part to ineffective dissemination. This article describes (1) lessons related to dissemination from related disciplines (eg, communication, agriculture, social marketing, political science), (2) current practices among researchers, (3) key audience characteristics, (4) available tools for dissemination, and (5) measures of impact. Dissemination efforts need to take into account the message, source, audience, and channel. Practitioners and policy makers can be more effectively reached via news media, social media, issue or policy briefs, one-on-one meetings, and workshops and seminars. Numerous “upstream” and “midstream” indicators of impact include changes in public perception or awareness, greater use of evidence-based interventions, and changes in policy. By employing ideas outlined in this article, scientific discoveries are more likely to be applied in public health agencies and policy-making bodies.

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          Can Tweets Predict Citations? Metrics of Social Impact Based on Twitter and Correlation with Traditional Metrics of Scientific Impact

          Gunther Eysenbach (2011)
          Background Citations in peer-reviewed articles and the impact factor are generally accepted measures of scientific impact. Web 2.0 tools such as Twitter, blogs or social bookmarking tools provide the possibility to construct innovative article-level or journal-level metrics to gauge impact and influence. However, the relationship of the these new metrics to traditional metrics such as citations is not known. Objective (1) To explore the feasibility of measuring social impact of and public attention to scholarly articles by analyzing buzz in social media, (2) to explore the dynamics, content, and timing of tweets relative to the publication of a scholarly article, and (3) to explore whether these metrics are sensitive and specific enough to predict highly cited articles. Methods Between July 2008 and November 2011, all tweets containing links to articles in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) were mined. For a subset of 1573 tweets about 55 articles published between issues 3/2009 and 2/2010, different metrics of social media impact were calculated and compared against subsequent citation data from Scopus and Google Scholar 17 to 29 months later. A heuristic to predict the top-cited articles in each issue through tweet metrics was validated. Results A total of 4208 tweets cited 286 distinct JMIR articles. The distribution of tweets over the first 30 days after article publication followed a power law (Zipf, Bradford, or Pareto distribution), with most tweets sent on the day when an article was published (1458/3318, 43.94% of all tweets in a 60-day period) or on the following day (528/3318, 15.9%), followed by a rapid decay. The Pearson correlations between tweetations and citations were moderate and statistically significant, with correlation coefficients ranging from .42 to .72 for the log-transformed Google Scholar citations, but were less clear for Scopus citations and rank correlations. A linear multivariate model with time and tweets as significant predictors (P < .001) could explain 27% of the variation of citations. Highly tweeted articles were 11 times more likely to be highly cited than less-tweeted articles (9/12 or 75% of highly tweeted article were highly cited, while only 3/43 or 7% of less-tweeted articles were highly cited; rate ratio 0.75/0.07 = 10.75, 95% confidence interval, 3.4–33.6). Top-cited articles can be predicted from top-tweeted articles with 93% specificity and 75% sensitivity. Conclusions Tweets can predict highly cited articles within the first 3 days of article publication. Social media activity either increases citations or reflects the underlying qualities of the article that also predict citations, but the true use of these metrics is to measure the distinct concept of social impact. Social impact measures based on tweets are proposed to complement traditional citation metrics. The proposed twimpact factor may be a useful and timely metric to measure uptake of research findings and to filter research findings resonating with the public in real time.
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            Diffusion of Innovations.

            E. M. ROGERS, E., M. Rogers, E Rogers … (2003)
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              Designing for dissemination among public health researchers: findings from a national survey in the United States.

              Ross C. Brownson, Julie Jacobs, Rachel Tabak … (2013)
              We have described the practice of designing for dissemination among researchers in the United States with the intent of identifying gaps and areas for improvement.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Public Health Manag Pract
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Public Health Manag Pract
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JPUMP
                Title: Journal of Public Health Management and Practice
                Publisher: Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
                ISSN (Print): 1078-4659
                ISSN (Electronic): 1550-5022
                Publication date (Print): March 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 January 2018
                Volume: 24
                Issue: 2 , Disseminating Public Health Science
                Pages: 102-111
                Affiliations
                Prevention Research Center in St Louis, Brown School, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri (Drs Brownson, Eyler, Harris, and Tabak); Department of Surgery (Division of Public Health Sciences) and Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri (Dr Brownson); and Departments of Family & Community Medicine and Epidemiology & Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (Dr Moore).
                Author notes
                [*] Correspondence: Ross C. Brownson, PhD, Prevention Research Center in St Louis, Brown School, Washington University in St Louis, One Brookings Dr, Campus Box 1196, St Louis, MO 63130 ( rbrownson@ 123456wustl.edu ).
                Article
                Accession ID: jpump2402p102
                DOI: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000000673
                PMC ID: 5794246
                PubMed ID: 28885319
                SO-VID: caf8280e-12b2-4df7-84e8-a7a841ba9dbf
                Copyright © © 2018 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

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                Categories
                Subject: Practice Report
                Series title: Research Full Report
                Custom metadata
                OPEN-ACCESS TRUE

                Keywords: dissemination,evidence-based,policy,practice,translation
                Data availability:
                Keywords: dissemination, evidence-based, policy, practice, translation

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