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      Brain rhythms and neural syntax: implications for efficient coding of cognitive content and neuropsychiatric disease.

      research-article
      , MD, PhD * , MD, PhD
      Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
      Les Laboratoires Servier
      brain, oscillation, neuron, coding, action potential, assembly, psychiatry

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          Abstract

          The perpetual activity of the cerebral cortex is largely supported by the variety of oscillations the brain generates, spanning a number of frequencies and anatomical locations, as well as behavioral correlates. First, we review findings from animal studies showing that most forms of brain rhythms are inhibition-based, producing rhythmic volleys of inhibitory inputs to principal cell populations, thereby providing alternating temporal windows of relatively reduced and enhanced excitability in neuronal networks. These inhibition-based mechanisms offer natural temporal frames to group or “chunk” neuronal activity into cell assemblies and sequences of assemblies, with more complex multi-oscillation interactions creating syntactical rules for the effective exchange of information among cortical networks. We then review recent studies in human psychiatric patients demonstrating a variety alterations in neural oscillations across all major psychiatric diseases, and suggest possible future research directions and treatment approaches based on the fundamental properties of brain rhythms.

          Translated abstract

          La perpetua actividad de la corteza cerebral está sustentada en gran medida por la variedad de oscilaciones que genera el cerebro, las que abarcan un número de frecuencias y sitios anatómicos, así como correlatos conductuales. En primer lugar se revisan los hallazgos de estudios animales que muestran que la mayoría de las formas de los ritmos cerebrales se basan en la inhibición, produciendo descargas rítmicas de estímulos inhibitorios a las principales poblaciones celulares, proporcionando por lo tanto ventanas temporales que alternan una excitabilidad relativamente reducida o aumentada en los circuitos neuronales. Estos mecanismos basados en la inhibición ofrecen marcos temporales naturales para agrupar o “fragmentar” la actividad neuronal en conjuntos celulares y secuencias de conjuntos, con interacciones más complejas de multi-oscilación creando reglas sintácticas para el cambio efectivo de información entre los circuitos corticales. Luego se revisan los estudios en pacientes psiquiátricos que demuestran una variedad de alteraciones en las oscilaciones neurales en las principales enfermedades psiquiátricas, y sugieren posibles orientaciones en las investigaciones a futuro y aproximaciones terapéuticas basadas en las propiedades fundamentals de los ritmos cerebrales

          Translated abstract

          L'activité permanente du cortex cérébral est largement basée sur la grande variété d'oscillations que le cerveau génère incluant un grand nombre de fréquences et de localisations anatomiques, ainsi que leurs corrélats comportementaux. Nous présentons tout d'abord les recherches sur les études animales montrant que la plupart des formes des rythmes cérébraux sont basées sur l'inhibition, produisant des volées rythmiques de signaux inhibiteurs vers les populations cellulaires principales, fournissant alors des fenêtres temporales alternatives d'excitabilité relativement réduites et plus importantes dans les réseaux neuronaux. Ces mécanismes inhibiteurs offrent des cadres temporaux naturels à une grosse activité neuronale ou activité groupée dans des ensembles de cellules et des séquences d'ensembles de cellules, avec des interactions multi-oscillatoires plus complexes créant des règles syntaxiques pour l'échange efficace d'information parmi les réseaux corticaux. Nous analysons ensuite des études récentes de patients psychiatriques qui montrent des altérations variées des oscillations neurales dans toutes les principales maladies psychiatriques. De possibles directions de recherche future ainsi que des approches de traitement fondées sur les propriétés fondamentales des rythmes cérébraux sont proposées.

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          Most cited references316

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          Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems.

          Recent developments in the quantitative analysis of complex networks, based largely on graph theory, have been rapidly translated to studies of brain network organization. The brain's structural and functional systems have features of complex networks--such as small-world topology, highly connected hubs and modularity--both at the whole-brain scale of human neuroimaging and at a cellular scale in non-human animals. In this article, we review studies investigating complex brain networks in diverse experimental modalities (including structural and functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography in humans) and provide an accessible introduction to the basic principles of graph theory. We also highlight some of the technical challenges and key questions to be addressed by future developments in this rapidly moving field.
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            Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex.

            The ability to find one's way depends on neural algorithms that integrate information about place, distance and direction, but the implementation of these operations in cortical microcircuits is poorly understood. Here we show that the dorsocaudal medial entorhinal cortex (dMEC) contains a directionally oriented, topographically organized neural map of the spatial environment. Its key unit is the 'grid cell', which is activated whenever the animal's position coincides with any vertex of a regular grid of equilateral triangles spanning the surface of the environment. Grids of neighbouring cells share a common orientation and spacing, but their vertex locations (their phases) differ. The spacing and size of individual fields increase from dorsal to ventral dMEC. The map is anchored to external landmarks, but persists in their absence, suggesting that grid cells may be part of a generalized, path-integration-based map of the spatial environment.
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              Theta oscillations in the hippocampus.

              Theta oscillations represent the "on-line" state of the hippocampus. The extracellular currents underlying theta waves are generated mainly by the entorhinal input, CA3 (Schaffer) collaterals, and voltage-dependent Ca(2+) currents in pyramidal cell dendrites. The rhythm is believed to be critical for temporal coding/decoding of active neuronal ensembles and the modification of synaptic weights. Nevertheless, numerous critical issues regarding both the generation of theta oscillations and their functional significance remain challenges for future research.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
                Department of Psychiatry, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                December 2012
                December 2012
                : 14
                : 4
                : 345-367
                Affiliations
                NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
                Department of Psychiatry, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/dcns.2012.14.4/gbuzsaki
                3553572
                23393413
                cb19f25b-4b8d-4cb2-9cb0-3ed705974eb7
                Copyright: © 2012 LLS

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Categories
                State of the Art

                Neurosciences
                brain,oscillation,neuron,coding,action potential,assembly,psychiatry
                Neurosciences
                brain, oscillation, neuron, coding, action potential, assembly, psychiatry

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