Aging, Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Diseases: Management through Physical Exercise and Nutritional Interventions

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Abstract

Gut microbiota (GM) is involved in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis, thus the alteration of its composition and functionality has been associated with many pathologies such as metabolic diseases, and could also be linked with the progressive degenerative process in aging. Nowadays, life expectancy is continuously rising, so the number of elder people and the consequent related pathologies demand new strategies to achieve healthy aging. Besides, actual lifestyle patterns make metabolic diseases a global epidemic with increasing trends, responsible for a large mortality and morbidity in adulthood and also compromising the health status of later stages of life. Metabolic diseases and aging share a profile of low-grade inflammation and innate immunity activation, which may have disturbances of GM composition as the leading mechanism. Thus, GM emerges as a therapeutic target with a double impact in the elderly, counteracting both aging itself and the frequent metabolic diseases in this population. This review summarizes the role and compositional changes of the GM in aging and its modulation through nutritional interventions and physical exercise as a strategy to counteract the aging process and the related metabolic diseases.

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Most cited references 107

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An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest.

Peter J Turnbaugh, Ruth E Ley, Michael A Mahowald … (2006)

The worldwide obesity epidemic is stimulating efforts to identify host and environmental factors that affect energy balance. Comparisons of the distal gut microbiota of genetically obese mice and their lean littermates, as well as those of obese and lean human volunteers have revealed that obesity is associated with changes in the relative abundance of the two dominant bacterial divisions, the Bacteroidetes and the Firmicutes. Here we demonstrate through metagenomic and biochemical analyses that these changes affect the metabolic potential of the mouse gut microbiota. Our results indicate that the obese microbiome has an increased capacity to harvest energy from the diet. Furthermore, this trait is transmissible: colonization of germ-free mice with an 'obese microbiota' results in a significantly greater increase in total body fat than colonization with a 'lean microbiota'. These results identify the gut microbiota as an additional contributing factor to the pathophysiology of obesity.

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A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes.

Junjie Qin, Yingrui Li, Zhiming Cai … (2013)

Assessment and characterization of gut microbiota has become a major research area in human disease, including type 2 diabetes, the most prevalent endocrine disease worldwide. To carry out analysis on gut microbial content in patients with type 2 diabetes, we developed a protocol for a metagenome-wide association study (MGWAS) and undertook a two-stage MGWAS based on deep shotgun sequencing of the gut microbial DNA from 345 Chinese individuals. We identified and validated approximately 60,000 type-2-diabetes-associated markers and established the concept of a metagenomic linkage group, enabling taxonomic species-level analyses. MGWAS analysis showed that patients with type 2 diabetes were characterized by a moderate degree of gut microbial dysbiosis, a decrease in the abundance of some universal butyrate-producing bacteria and an increase in various opportunistic pathogens, as well as an enrichment of other microbial functions conferring sulphate reduction and oxidative stress resistance. An analysis of 23 additional individuals demonstrated that these gut microbial markers might be useful for classifying type 2 diabetes.

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Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity.

Ruth E Ley, Peter J. Turnbaugh, Samuel Klein … (2006)

Two groups of beneficial bacteria are dominant in the human gut, the Bacteroidetes and the Firmicutes. Here we show that the relative proportion of Bacteroidetes is decreased in obese people by comparison with lean people, and that this proportion increases with weight loss on two types of low-calorie diet. Our findings indicate that obesity has a microbial component, which might have potential therapeutic implications.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nutrients

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nutrients

Journal ID (publisher-id): nutrients

Title: Nutrients

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2072-6643

Publication date (Electronic): 23 December 2020

Publication date Collection: January 2021

Volume: 13

Issue: 1

Electronic Location Identifier: 16

Affiliations

[1 ]Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, 24071 León, Spain; mjuarf@ 123456unileon.es (M.J.-F.); dpors@ 123456unileon.es (D.P.); mvgarm@ 123456unileon.es (M.V.G.-M.); sroms@ 123456unileon.es (S.R.-S.); jgonga@ 123456unileon.es (J.G.-G.); menisg@ 123456unileon.es (E.N.)

[2 ]Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: ssanc@ 123456unileon.es

[†]

These authors contributed equally to this work.

[‡]

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Author information

María Juárez-Fernández https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4678-3058

David Porras https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8824-7504

Sara Román-Sagüillo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4200-7919

Javier González-Gallego https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4386-9342

Article

Publisher ID: nutrients-13-00016

DOI: 10.3390/nu13010016

PMC ID: 7822442

PubMed ID: 33374578

SO-VID: cb1a744b-d682-444f-b712-e3cb11cf5048

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Aging, Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Diseases: Management through Physical Exercise and Nutritional Interventions

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Karger: Nutrition and Dietetics

Most cited references 107

An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest.

A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes.

Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity.

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