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      Century-Old DNA Barcodes Reveal Phylogenetic Placement of the Extinct Jamaican Sunset Moth, Urania sloanus Cramer (Lepidoptera: Uraniidae)

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          Abstract

          Analysis of the DNA barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene from a specimen of the extinct Jamaican sunset moth, Urania sloanus, places this species as a sister to the Central American U. fulgens. We found that all Urania F. species were closely related (<2.8% maximum divergence at COI), with the Cuban endemic U. boisduvalii appearing as sister to the rest. The low divergence in DNA barcodes and genitalic structures indicate that the Cuban U. poeyi and eastern Brazilian U. brasiliensis are geographic segregates of U. fulgens and U. leilus respectively, so the former two taxa are accordingly recognized as subspecies.

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          Middle Miocene closure of the Central American Seaway.

          Uranium-lead geochronology in detrital zircons and provenance analyses in eight boreholes and two surface stratigraphic sections in the northern Andes provide insight into the time of closure of the Central American Seaway. The timing of this closure has been correlated with Plio-Pleistocene global oceanographic, atmospheric, and biotic events. We found that a uniquely Panamanian Eocene detrital zircon fingerprint is pronounced in middle Miocene fluvial and shallow marine strata cropping out in the northern Andes but is absent in underlying lower Miocene and Oligocene strata. We contend that this fingerprint demonstrates a fluvial connection, and therefore the absence of an intervening seaway, between the Panama arc and South America in middle Miocene times; the Central American Seaway had vanished by that time.
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            Timing and Patterns in the Taxonomic Diversification of Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)

            The macroevolutionary history of the megadiverse insect order Lepidoptera remains little-known, yet coevolutionary dynamics with their angiospermous host plants are thought to have influenced their diversification significantly. We estimate the divergence times of all higher-level lineages of Lepidoptera, including most extant families. We find that the diversification of major lineages in Lepidoptera are approximately equal in age to the crown group of angiosperms and that there appear to have been three significant increases in diversification rates among Lepidoptera over evolutionary time: 1) at the origin of the crown group of Ditrysia about 150 million years ago (mya), 2) at the origin of the stem group of Apoditrysia about 120 mya and finally 3) a spectacular increase at the origin of the stem group of the quadrifid noctuoids about 70 mya. In addition, there appears to be a significant increase in diversification rate in multiple lineages around 90 mya, which is concordant with the radiation of angiosperms. Almost all extant families appear to have begun diversifying soon after the Cretaceous/Paleogene event 65.51 mya.
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              Separating population structure from population history: a cladistic analysis of the geographical distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum.

              Nonrandom associations of alleles or haplotypes with geographical location can arise from restricted gene flow, historical events (fragmentation, range expansion, colonization), or any mixture of these factors. In this paper, we show how a nested cladistic analysis of geographical distances can be used to test the null hypothesis of no geographical association of haplotypes, test the hypothesis that significant associations are due to restricted gene flow, and identify patterns of significant association that are due to historical events. In this last case, criteria are given to discriminate among contiguous range expansion, long-distance colonization, and population fragmentation. The ability to make these discriminations depends critically upon an adequate geographical sampling design. These points are illustrated with a worked example: mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum. For this example, prior information exists about restricted gene flow and likely historical events, and the nested cladistic analyses were completely concordant with this prior information. This concordance establishes the plausibility of this nested cladistic approach, but much future work will be necessary to demonstrate robustness and to explore the power and accuracy of this procedure.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                20 October 2016
                2016
                : 11
                : 10
                : e0164405
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
                [2 ]Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
                Tel Aviv University, ISRAEL
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceptualization: VN BCS.

                • Data curation: VN SP.

                • Formal analysis: VN SP BCS.

                • Funding acquisition: PDNH.

                • Investigation: VN BCS.

                • Methodology: VN BCS SP.

                • Project administration: VN.

                • Resources: VN PDNH.

                • Software: VN SP.

                • Supervision: VN PDNH.

                • Validation: VN PDNH.

                • Visualization: VN.

                • Writing – original draft: VN.

                • Writing – review & editing: VN BCS SP PDNH.

                Article
                PONE-D-16-22920
                10.1371/journal.pone.0164405
                5072700
                27764148
                cb1ab0c8-36d3-4535-a313-cc8a436c932d
                © 2016 Nazari et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 7 June 2016
                : 23 September 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (CA)
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008762, Genome Canada;
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000092, Ontario Genomics Institute;
                Award Recipient :
                This study was supported by grants to Paul D.N. Hebert (PDNH) from Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and from the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Ontario Genomics Institute in support of the International Barcode of Life Project.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Moths and Butterflies
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Taxonomy
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                Phylogenetics
                Computer and Information Sciences
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                Custom metadata
                All new sequences are now deposited on GenBank (accession numbers KX781954-KX781991). Additional sequences used in Supporting Info S1. DOI for the dataset: dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-URANIA.

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