Efeitos fitotóxicos do fluoreto na morfoanatomia foliar de Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf e Brachiaria decumbens Stapf (Poaceae)

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Abstract

Visando avaliar os efeitos do fluoreto sobre capim-braquiária, plantas de Brachiaria brizantha e B. decumbens foram submetidas a nevoeiros simulados com fluoreto (10 µg ml-1). Amostras foliares de porções aparentemente sadias foram coletadas 24 horas após a última exposição para análises microscópicas. Folhas, raízes e rizomas foram submetidos à quantificação do teor de fluoreto. As folhas apresentaram necroses pequenas e esparsas. Somente as folhas acumularam fluoreto, apresentando teores 4,4 e 5,2 vezes maiores que no tratamento controle, em B. brizantha e B. decumbens, respectivamente, não havendo diferença no potencial acumulador das duas espécies. As principais alterações micromorfológicas observadas foram lesões próximas aos tricomas, sugerindo que estes sejam as vias preferenciais de entrada do poluente nas plantas. Porções foliares, visualmente sadias, de ambas as espécies apresentaram danos microscópicos antes do surgimento de sintomas, havendo perda da turgidez das células buliformes em B. brizantha e de todos os tecidos em B. decumbens. Alterações micromorfométricas foram observadas somente em B. decumbens, indicando sua maior sensibilidade ao fluoreto, em comparação com B. brizantha. A realização de experimentos de longa duração será fundamental para elucidar o potencial bioacumulador de B. brizantha.

Translated abstract

To assess the effects of fluoride on signal grass, plants of Brachiaria brizantha and B. decumbens were submitted to simulated fluoride fog (10 µg ml-1). Leaf fragments from apparently healthy portions were colleted 24 hours after the last exposure and used for microscopic analysis. Roots, leaves and rhizomes were submitted to fluoride content quantification. The leaves presented small, sparse necroses. The accumulation of fluoride was observed on the leaves only. B. brizantha and B. decumbens presented, respectively, 4.4 and 5.2 times more fluoride than the control treatment. No difference was observed concerning the accumulation potential of both species. The main micromorphological alterations observed were injuries near the trichomes, therefore, suggesting that these are the preferential routes by which pollutants enter the plants. Visually healthy leaf portions of the two species showed microscopic damages before symptoms appeared, presenting turgidity loss in the bulliform cells of B. brizantha and in all tissues of B. decumbens. Micromorphometric alterations were observed only in B. decumbens, indicating higher sensibility to fluoride in comparison to B. brizantha. Further studies of long duration will be essential to determine the bioaccumulation potential of B. brizantha.

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Biological mechanisms of dental fluorosis relevant to the use of fluoride supplements.

P DenBesten (1999)

Fluorosis occurs when fluoride interacts with mineralizing tissues, causing alterations in the mineralization process. In dental enamel, fluorosis causes subsurface hypomineralizations or porosity, which extend toward the dentinal-enamel junction as severity increases. This subsurface porosity is most likely caused by a delay in the hydrolysis and removal of enamel proteins, particularly amelogenins, as the enamel matures. This delay could be due to the direct effect of fluoride on the ameloblasts or to an interaction of fluoride with the proteins or proteinases in the mineralizing matrix. The specific mechanisms by which fluoride causes the changes leading to enamel fluorosis are not well defined; though the early-maturation stage of enamel formation appears to be particularly sensitive to fluoride exposure. The development of fluorosis is highly dependent on the dose, duration, and timing of fluoride exposure. The risk of enamel fluorosis is lowest when exposure takes place only during the secretory stage, but highest when exposure occurs in both secretory and maturation stages. The incidence of dental fluorosis is best correlated with the total cumulative fluoride exposure to the developing dentition. Fluoride supplements can contribute to the total fluoride exposure of children, and if the total fluoride exposure to the developing teeth is excessive, fluorosis will result.