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      An empirical link between motivation gain and NBA statistics: applying hierarchical linear modelling

      research-article
      1 , 2 ,
      BMC Psychology
      BioMed Central
      Motivation gain, Salaries, Köhler effect, Social compensation, NBA

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          Abstract

          Background

          This study tested whether the motivation gain in groups is the result of social compensation or the Köhler effect by examining scaled individual salaries of National Basketball Association (NBA) players. Both factors explain the positive effects of a group, unlike social loafing. However, differing causes in motivation gain relate to whether players are low or high performers and the Köhler effect or social compensation.

          Methods

          To test motivation gain, this study used 11-year NBA statistical data of 3247 players by applying hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) and HLM 7.0 was used for analysis. The players’ individual statistics and annual salaries were collected from the NBA and ESPN websites, respectively. Whereas previous studies have looked at motivation gain through track-and-field and swimming relay records, this study verified motivation gain through salary variations among NBA players and their affiliated teams.

          Results

          The high performers, while selecting teams with larger performance gaps among team members, earned a higher salary than while selecting teams with lower performance gaps among team members. This study found that motivation gain existed in high performers, which can be interpreted as support for social compensation rather than the Köhler effect.

          Conclusions

          We used our result to elucidate the basis for play-by-play decisions made by individuals and team behaviour. Our results are applicable for the enhancement of coaching strategies, ultimately improving team morale and performance. It can be interpreted that the motivation gains of high performers in the NBA are driven by the Cost Component of the Team member Effort Expenditure Model (TEEM), rather than the Expectancy and Value Components.

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          Most cited references44

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          Motivation losses in small groups: A social dilemma analysis.

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            Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration.

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              • Article: not found

              The statistical analysis of data from small groups.

              The authors elaborate the complications and the opportunities inherent in the statistical analysis of small-group data. They begin by discussing nonindependence of group members' scores and then consider standard methods for the analysis of small-group data and determine that these methods do not take into account this nonindependence. A new method is proposed that uses multilevel modeling and allows for negative nonindependence and mutual influence. Finally, the complications of interactions, different group sizes, and differential effects are considered. The authors strongly urge that the analysis model of data from small-group studies should mirror the psychological processes that generate those data.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                shinmj80@kangwon.ac.kr
                Journal
                BMC Psychol
                BMC Psychol
                BMC Psychology
                BioMed Central (London )
                2050-7283
                27 April 2023
                27 April 2023
                2023
                : 11
                : 135
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.412674.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1773 6524, Department of Sports Science, , Soonchunhyang University, ; Asan, South Korea
                [2 ]GRID grid.412010.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0707 9039, Department of Leisure Sports, , Kangwon National University, ; Samcheok, South Korea
                Article
                1188
                10.1186/s40359-023-01188-1
                10133894
                cb57f4bd-7de2-4c72-bf0d-a99c3ae9b5da
                © The Author(s) 2023

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 15 December 2022
                : 24 April 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: This study was supported by the 2021 Research Grant from Kangwon National University.
                Categories
                Research
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                © The Author(s) 2023

                motivation gain,salaries,köhler effect,social compensation,nba

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