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      A Complex Interplay of Vitamin B1 and B6 Metabolism with Cognition, Brain Structure, and Functional Connectivity in Older Adults

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          Abstract

          Aging is associated with brain atrophy, functional brain network reorganization and decline of cognitive performance, albeit characterized by high interindividual variability. Among environmental influencing factors accounting for this variability, nutrition and particularly vitamin supply is thought to play an important role. While evidence exists that supplementation of vitamins B6 and B1 might be beneficial for cognition and brain structure, at least in deficient states and neurodegenerative diseases, little is known about this relation during healthy aging and in relation to reorganization of functional brain networks. We thus assessed the relation between blood levels of vitamins B1 and B6 and cognitive performance, cortical folding, and functional resting-state connectivity in a large sample of older adults ( N > 600; age: 55–85 years), drawn from the population-based 1000BRAINS study. In addition to blood sampling, subjects underwent structural and functional resting-state neuroimaging as well as extensive neuropsychological testing in the domains of executive functions, (working) memory, attention, and language. Brain regions showing changes in the local gyrification index as calculated using FreeSurfer in relation to vitamin levels were used for subsequent seed-based resting-state functional connectivity analysis. For B6, a positive correlation with local cortical folding was found throughout the brain, while only slight changes in functional connectivity were observed. Contrarily, for B1, a negative correlation with cortical folding as well as problem solving and visuo-spatial working memory performance was found, which was accompanied by pronounced increases of interhemispheric and decreases of intrahemispheric functional connectivity. While the effects for B6 expand previous knowledge on beneficial effects of B6 supplementation on brain structure, they also showed that additional effects on cognition might not be recognizable in healthy older subjects with normal B6 blood levels. The cortical atrophy and pronounced functional reorganization associated with B1, contrarily, was more in line with the theory of a disturbed B1 metabolism in older adults, leading to B1 utilization deficits, and thus, an effective B1 deficiency in the brain, despite normal to high-normal blood levels.

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          Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing

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            An improved framework for confound regression and filtering for control of motion artifact in the preprocessing of resting-state functional connectivity data.

            Several recent reports in large, independent samples have demonstrated the influence of motion artifact on resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rsfc-MRI). Standard rsfc-MRI preprocessing typically includes regression of confounding signals and band-pass filtering. However, substantial heterogeneity exists in how these techniques are implemented across studies, and no prior study has examined the effect of differing approaches for the control of motion-induced artifacts. To better understand how in-scanner head motion affects rsfc-MRI data, we describe the spatial, temporal, and spectral characteristics of motion artifacts in a sample of 348 adolescents. Analyses utilize a novel approach for describing head motion on a voxelwise basis. Next, we systematically evaluate the efficacy of a range of confound regression and filtering techniques for the control of motion-induced artifacts. Results reveal that the effectiveness of preprocessing procedures on the control of motion is heterogeneous, and that improved preprocessing provides a substantial benefit beyond typical procedures. These results demonstrate that the effect of motion on rsfc-MRI can be substantially attenuated through improved preprocessing procedures, but not completely removed. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults: the HAROLD model.

              A model of the effects of aging on brain activity during cognitive performance is introduced. The model is called HAROLD (hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults), and it states that, under similar circumstances, prefrontal activity during cognitive performances tends to be less lateralized in older adults than in younger adults. The model is supported by functional neuroimaging and other evidence in the domains of episodic memory, semantic memory, working memory, perception, and inhibitory control. Age-related hemispheric asymmetry reductions may have a compensatory function or they may reflect a dedifferentiation process. They may have a cognitive or neural origin, and they may reflect regional or network mechanisms. The HAROLD model is a cognitive neuroscience model that integrates ideas and findings from psychology and neuroscience of aging.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Neurosci
                Front Neurosci
                Front. Neurosci.
                Frontiers in Neuroscience
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1662-4548
                1662-453X
                27 October 2017
                2017
                : 11
                : 596
                Affiliations
                [1] 1C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf, Germany
                [2] 2Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich , Jülich, Germany
                [3] 3Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen, Germany
                [4] 4JARA–BRAIN, Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, Research Centre Jülich , Jülich, Germany
                [5] 5Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen, Germany
                Author notes

                Edited by: Stefano Rozzi, University of Parma, Italy

                Reviewed by: Stefania Ferraro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (IRCCS), Italy; Stefan Ehrlich, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany

                *Correspondence: Svenja Caspers svenja.caspers@ 123456hhu.de

                This article was submitted to Decision Neuroscience, a section of the journal Frontiers in Neuroscience

                Article
                10.3389/fnins.2017.00596
                5663975
                29163003
                cb78343e-cbf4-4dee-835b-31126723f74c
                Copyright © 2017 Jannusch, Jockwitz, Bidmon, Moebus, Amunts and Caspers.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 10 July 2017
                : 10 October 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 137, Pages: 15, Words: 11722
                Funding
                Funded by: Horizon 2020 Framework Programme 10.13039/100010661
                Award ID: 7202070 (HBP, SGA1)
                Categories
                Neuroscience
                Original Research

                Neurosciences
                gyrification index,freesurfer,aging,interindividual variability,resting state,cognitive performance,b vitamins

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