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      Psychrophilic microorganisms: challenges for life.

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          Abstract

          The ability of psychrophiles to survive and proliferate at low temperatures implies that they have overcome key barriers inherent to permanently cold environments. These challenges include: reduced enzyme activity; decreased membrane fluidity; altered transport of nutrients and waste products; decreased rates of transcription, translation and cell division; protein cold-denaturation; inappropriate protein folding; and intracellular ice formation. Cold-adapted organisms have successfully evolved features, genotypic and/or phenotypic, to surmount the negative effects of low temperatures and to enable growth in these extreme environments. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of these adaptations as gained from extensive biochemical and biophysical studies and also from genomics and proteomics.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          EMBO Rep
          EMBO reports
          Springer Science and Business Media LLC
          1469-221X
          1469-221X
          Apr 2006
          : 7
          : 4
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry B6, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman, Belgium.
          Article
          7400662
          10.1038/sj.embor.7400662
          1456908
          16585939
          cba32a3f-662a-4717-abd6-960c7d47da4e
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