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Abstract
Meta-analysis is the quantitative, scientific synthesis of research results. Since
the term and modern approaches to research synthesis were first introduced in the
1970s, meta-analysis has had a revolutionary effect in many scientific fields, helping
to establish evidence-based practice and to resolve seemingly contradictory research
outcomes. At the same time, its implementation has engendered criticism and controversy,
in some cases general and others specific to particular disciplines. Here we take
the opportunity provided by the recent fortieth anniversary of meta-analysis to reflect
on the accomplishments, limitations, recent advances and directions for future developments
in the field of research synthesis.