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      Total intravenous anaesthesia versus inhaled anaesthetics in neurosurgery Translated title: Anestesia total intravenosa versus anestésicos inhalados en neurocirugía

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          Abstract

          Introduction: The way neurosurgery has evolved has led to increased emphasis on anaesthetic techniques aimed at improving patient well-being. In the United States alone, the number of neurosurgeries has increased significantly, with growth reflected in approximately 12,000 spine procedures per year and another 2700 different neurosurgical procedures per year. For anaesthetists, this means that they are faced more frequently with the need to select the most adequate neuroanaesthesia technique for each patient. Objectives: The purpose of this review is to analyze the role of inhaled and intravenous anaesthetics in neurosurgical procedures. Methodology: A search was conducted in PubMed using the terms TIVA, inhaled anaesthetics, neurosurgery and spine surgery. Results: The articles included in the review show that the adequate anaesthetic technique, besides ensuring a rapid onset of action, contributes to ease of titration with minimum effect on systemic and cerebral haemodynamics; it must enable intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring and rapid emergence, in order to allow early assessment of the patient’s neurological function and improved outcome. Conclusions: In recent years, the question regarding the use of inhaled vs. intravenous anaesthetics in neurosurgery has given rise to several research studies. Although TIVA is the technique used most frequently, inhaled anaesthetics have also been shown to be safe, titratable, and to provide for adequate intraoperative monitoring and cerebral haemodynamic stability. In patients with normal intracranial compliance, inhaled agents (IA) are a good alternative to TIVA, especially in places where hospital resources are limited.

          Translated abstract

          Introducción: La evolución en neurocirugía ha fomentado las técnicas anestésicas en pro del bienestar del paciente. Solo en Estados Unidos el volumen de neurocirugías ha aumentado de forma significativa, mostrando un crecimiento aproximado de 12.000 procedimientos de columna al a ˜no, y de otros procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos de 2.700/a ˜no. Esto enfrenta con mayor frecuencia a los anestesiólogos a la elección de la técnica neuroanestésica adecuada para cada paciente. Objetivos: Esta revisión pretende realizar un análisis del rol de los anestésicos inhalados e intravenosos en procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed utilizando TIVA, anestésicos inhalados, neurocirugía y cirugía de columna como términos de búsqueda. Resultados: Los artículos revisados muestran que, la técnica anestésica adecuada, además de tener un rápido inicio de acción, ser fácilmente titulable, con mínimo efecto en la hemodinámia sistémica y cerebral; debe permitir monitorización neurofisiológica intraoperatoria, y un rápido despertar, con el fin de permitir una evaluación temprana de la función neurológica del paciente y mejorar su desenlace. Conclusiones: Durante los últimos a ˜nos la disyuntiva del uso de anestésicos inhalados ver sus intravenosos en neurocirugía ha producido el desarrollo de diversas investigaciones. Aunque TIVA es la técnica usada con mayor frecuencia, los anestésicos inhalados, también han mostrado ser seguros, titulables, proveer una adecuada monitorización intraoperatoria, y estabilidad hemodinámica cerebral. En pacientes con complacía intracraneal normal los agentes inhalados, son una buena alternativa a la anestesia con TIVA, especialmente en lugares con recursos hospitalarios limitados.

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          Most cited references50

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          Inhalational or intravenous anesthetics for craniotomies? Pro inhalational.

          In neurosurgery, anesthesiologists and surgeons focus on the same target - the brain. The nature of anesthetics is to interact with brain physiology, leading to favorable and adverse effects. Research in neuroanesthesia over the last three decades has been dedicated to identifying the optimal anesthetic agent to maintain coupling between cerebral blood flow and metabolism, keep cerebrovascular autoregulation intact, and not increase cerebral blood volume and intracranial pressure. Sevoflurane is less vasoactive than halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, or desflurane. The context sensitive half-life is short and similar to that of desflurane, which translates into fast on and offset. Compared with propofol, sevoflurane decreases cerebral blood flow to a lesser extent, while cerebral metabolism is suppressed to the same degree. Sevoflurane does not increase intracranial pressure, while propofol decreases intracranial pressure. In neurosurgical patients with normal intracranial pressure, sevoflurane might be a good alternative to propofol. In patients with reduced intracranial elastance, caused by space occupying lesions, with elevated intracranial pressure or complex surgical approaches, propofol should remain first choice.
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            Anesthesia for functional neurosurgery: the role of dexmedetomidine.

            The purpose of this review is to summarize current approaches to the anesthetic management of functional neurosurgery and to describe the application of an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine in the anesthetic management of functional neurosurgical procedures. Dexmedetomidine, an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, causes a unique kind of sedation, acting on the subcortical areas, which resembles natural sleep without respiratory depression. Experimental data demonstrate both cerebral vasoconstriction and vasodilatation, depending on the model and dose studied. At the clinically relevant doses, dexmedetomidine decreases cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in healthy volunteers. Clinical experience of dexmedetomidine use in functional neurosurgery is limited to small case-series. Nevertheless, these reports indicate that use of dexmedetomidine does not interfere with electrophysiologic monitoring, thus allowing brain mapping during awake craniotomy and microelectrode recording during implantation of deep-brain stimulators. Dexmedetomidine has been demonstrated to provide a successful sedation without impairment of electrophysiologic monitoring in functional neurosurgery. Prospective randomized studies are warranted to delineate an optimal regimen of dexmedetomidine sedation and any dose-related influence on neurophysiologic function.
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              The prevention of neural complications in the surgical treatment of scoliosis: the role of the neurophysiological intraoperative monitoring.

              Iatrogenic spinal cord injury is the most feared complication of scoliosis surgery. The importance of combined somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) and motor evoked potentials (MEP) monitoring during spine surgery is well known. The current authors retrospectively evaluated the results of neurophysiological intraoperative monitoring (IOM) in a large population of patients who underwent surgical treatment for spinal deformity. Intraoperative monitoring of SEPs and transcranial electrical stimulation MEPs (TES-MEP) was performed in 172 successive patients who underwent surgical treatment of idiopathic (128 pts), congenital (15 pts) or syndromic (29 pts) scoliosis. The first 106 patients (Group 1) underwent only SEP monitoring, while the other 66 patients (Group 2) underwent combined SEP and TES-MEP monitoring, when the technique was introduced in the current authors' institution. Halogenate anaesthesia (Sevoflurane, MAC 0.6-1.2) was performed in Group 1 cases, total intravenous anaesthesia (Propofol infusion, 6-10 mg/kg/h) in Group 2 patients. A neurophysiological "alert" was defined as a reduction in amplitude (unilateral or bilateral) of at least 50% for SEPs and of 65% for TES-MEPs compared with baseline. In Group 1, two patients (1.9%) developed postoperative neurologic deficits following surgical correction of spinal deformity, consisting of permanent paraparesis in one case and transient paraparesis secondary to spinal cord ischaemia in the other. Twelve patients presented intraoperative significant changes of neurophysiological parameters that improved following corrective actions by surgeons and anaesthesiologists, and did not show any postoperative neurologic deficits. In ten cases the alert was apparently unrelated to surgical manoeuvres or to pharmacological interventions and no postoperative neurologic deficits were noted. Considering the patients of Group 2, two patients (3.0%) presented transient postoperative neurologic deficits preceded by significant intraoperative changes in SEPs and TES-MEPs. In five cases a transient reduction in the amplitudes of SEPs (1 patient) and/or TES-MEPs (5 patients) was recorded intraoperatively with no postoperative neurologic deficits. In conclusion, in the current series of 172 patients the overall prevalence of postoperative neurologic deficit was 2.3% (4 patients). When combined SEP and TES-MEP monitoring was performed, the sensitivity and specificity of IOM for sensory-motor impairment was 100 and 98%, respectively. Combined SEP and TES-MEP monitoring must be regarded as the neurophysiological standard for intraoperative detection of emerging spinal cord injury during corrective spinal deformity surgery. Early detection affords the surgical team an opportunity to perform rapid intervention to prevent injury progression or possibly to reverse impending neurologic sequelae.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rca
                Revista Colombiana de Anestesiología
                Rev. colomb. anestesiol.
                SCARE-Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación (Bogotá )
                0120-3347
                February 2015
                : 43
                : suppl 1
                : 9-14
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Wexner Medical Center USA
                Article
                S0120-33472015000500003
                cbab51c5-160b-4b2c-a75f-2b067471ecee

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
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                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0120-3347&lng=en
                Categories
                ANESTHESIOLOGY

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                Anesthesia intravenous,Evoked potentials,Neurosurgery,Anesthesia,Spine,Anestesia intravenosa,Potenciales evocados,Neurocirugía,Anestesia,Columna vertebral

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