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      Interacción gonotipo-ambiente del rendimiento y calidad de grano y tortilla de híbridos de maíz en Valles Altos de Tlaxcala, México Translated title: Genotype-environment interaction of yield and grain and tortilla quality of maize hybrids at the highlands of Tlaxcala, Mexico

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          Abstract

          Actualmente la baja productividad del maíz (Zea mays L.) en los Valles Altos del Centro de México se debe a condiciones ambientales adversas de sequía, temperatura más alta que la usual y heladas tempranas. Para aumentar la productividad es necesario desarrollar variedades estables con rendimiento alto y que cumplan con las características físicas de grano, nixtamal y tortilla que demandan las industrias procesadoras. En este trabajo se determinó el efecto de la interacción genotipo x ambiente sobre el rendimiento, las características físicas del grano y la calidad de nixtamal y tortillade 20 híbridos pre-comerciales y comerciales de maíz cultivados durante el ciclo primavera-verano de 2009 en seis localidades de los Valles Altos de Tlaxcala, México. Se evaluó el rendimiento de grano, peso hectolítrico, peso de 100 granos (PCG), índice de flotación (IF), color de grano y harina, y la calidad de nixtamal y tortilla. Los resultados para rendimiento y características físicas del grano fueron analizados estadísticamente mediante el modelo de efectos principales aditivos e interacción multiplicativa (AMMI), y los de calidad de nixtamal y tortilla bajo un diseño completamente al azar. El modelo AMMI proporcionó buena descripción de la interacción genotipo x ambiente, y de la estabilidad de los 20 híbridos. Las condiciones de siembra y las ambientales modificaron las características físicas de los híbridos, especialmente el tamaño del grano y la dureza. Huamantla y Tlatempa fueron las mejores localidades en rendimiento (9.8 y 8.3 t ha-1), tamaño (PCG > 33 g), dureza (IF < 40 %) y calidad de tortilla. Nicolás Bravo, Emiliano Zapata y San Bartolomé Cuahuixmatlac fueron las localidades que más afectaron adversamente al rendimiento (3.8, 4.3, 2.6 t ha-1) y al tamaño y dureza del grano (PCG < 33 g, IF > 60 %). De los híbridos evaluados 15 cumplieron con las especificaciones de la industria de la masa y tortilla, pero ninguno cumplió las especificaciones de la industria de harina nixtamalizada.

          Translated abstract

          Currently, the low productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) in the central highlands of México is due to adverse environmental conditions such as drought, higher than usual temperatures and early frosts. To increase productivity, it is necessary to develop stable maize varieties with high yield which can meet the quality characteristics of grain, nixtamal and tortilla demanded by the processing industry. In this study, we determined the effect of the genotype x environment interaction on grain yield and on the physical traits of grain, nixtamal and tortilla of 20 pre-commercial and commercial maize hybrids, grown during the 2009 harvest season in six locations in the highlands of Tlaxcala, México. Grain yield, test weight, 100-grains weight (HGW), flotation index (FI), color of grain and flour, and nixtamal and tortilla quality were evaluated. The results for grain yield and grain physical traits were statistically analyzed using the model of additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI), while data of nixtamal and tortilla quality were analyzed under a completely randomized design. The AMMI model provided a good description of the genotype x environment interaction and stability of the 20 hybrids. Both planting conditions and environment induced changes on the physical characteristics of hybrids, especially the grain size and hardness. Tlatempa and Huamantla were the best localities for yield (9.8 y 8.3 t ha-1), grain size (HGW > 33 g), hardness (FI < 40 %) and tortilla quality. Nicolás Bravo, Emiliano Zapata and San Bartolomé Cuahuixmatlac were the most adversely affected sites in terms of yield (3.8, 4.3, 2.6 t ha-1), grain size and hardness (HGW < 33 g, FI > 60 %). Fifteen hybrids met the specifications for masa and tortilla industry but none met the specifications for nixtamalized flour industry.

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          Most cited references51

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          Statistical Analysis of a Yield Trial

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            Grain yields with limited water.

            Plant reproduction is sensitive to water deficits, especially during the early phases when development may cease irreversibly even though the parent remains alive. Grain numbers decrease because of several developmental changes, especially ovary abortion in maize (Zea mays L.) or pollen sterility in small grains. In maize, the water deficits inhibit photosynthesis, and the decrease in photosynthate flux to the developing organs appears to trigger abortion. Abscisic acid also increases in the parent and may play a role, perhaps by inhibiting photosynthesis through stomatal closure. Recent work indicates that invertase activity is inhibited and starch is diminished in the ovaries or affected pollen. Also, sucrose fed to the stems rescues many of the ovaries otherwise destined to abort. The feeding restores some of the ovary starch and invertase activity. These studies implicate invertase as a limiting enzyme step for grain yields during a water deficit, and transcript profiling with microarrays has identified genes that are up- or down-regulated during water deficit-induced abortion in maize. However, profiling studies to date have not reported changes in invertase or starch synthesizing genes in water-deficient ovaries, perhaps because there were too few sampling times. The ovary rescue with sucrose feeding indicates either that the changes identified in the profiling are of no consequence for inhibiting ovary development or that gene expression reverts to control levels when the sugar stream recovers. Careful documentation of tissue- and developmentally specific gene expression are needed to resolve these issues and link metabolic changes to the decreased sugar flux affecting the reproductive organs.
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              Approved Methods of the AACC

              AACC Pais (2000)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rfm
                Revista fitotecnia mexicana
                Rev. fitotec. mex
                Sociedad Mexicana de Fitogenética A.C. (Chapingo, Estado de México, Mexico )
                0187-7380
                September 2012
                : 35
                : 3
                : 229-237
                Affiliations
                [01] Chapingo Edo. de México orgnameInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) orgdiv1Campo Experimental Valle de México orgdiv2Laboratorio de Calidad de Maíz gricelda_vazquez@ 123456yahoo.com
                [02] Tlaxcala Tlax orgnameInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) orgdiv1Campo Experimental Tlaxcala-INIFAP
                [03] Texcoco Estado de México orgnameInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) orgdiv1Campo Experimental Valle de México-INIFAP
                Article
                S0187-73802012000300006 S0187-7380(12)03500300006
                cbba7c50-7cfc-4c31-8702-ee2ca4ded73d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 April 2012
                : 18 August 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos científicos

                genotype x environment interaction,calidad de grano y tortillas,Zea mays,modelo AMMI,grain and tortilla quality,estabilidad del rendimiento,AMMI model,stability of grain yield,interacción genotipo x ambiente

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