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      Defining the Impact of Non-Native Species

      research-article
      * , , , § , ** , †† , ‡‡ , §§ , *** , ††† , ‡‡‡ , ***** , §§§ , §§§ , **** , §§§ , †††† , ‡‡‡‡ , §§ , ††† , §§§§ , ‡‡‡ , §§
      Conservation Biology
      BlackWell Publishing Ltd
      biological invasions, definitions, ecological and socio-economic impacts, exotic species, human perception, invasion biology, invasive alien species, biología de la invasión, especies exóticas, especies foráneas invasoras, definiciones, impactos ecológicos y socio-económicos, invasiones biológicas, percepción humana

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          Abstract

          Non-native species cause changes in the ecosystems to which they are introduced. These changes, or some of them, are usually termed impacts; they can be manifold and potentially damaging to ecosystems and biodiversity. However, the impacts of most non-native species are poorly understood, and a synthesis of available information is being hindered because authors often do not clearly define impact. We argue that explicitly defining the impact of non-native species will promote progress toward a better understanding of the implications of changes to biodiversity and ecosystems caused by non-native species; help disentangle which aspects of scientific debates about non-native species are due to disparate definitions and which represent true scientific discord; and improve communication between scientists from different research disciplines and between scientists, managers, and policy makers. For these reasons and based on examples from the literature, we devised seven key questions that fall into 4 categories: directionality, classification and measurement, ecological or socio-economic changes, and scale. These questions should help in formulating clear and practical definitions of impact to suit specific scientific, stakeholder, or legislative contexts.

          Definiendo el Impacto de las Especies No-Nativas

          Resumen

          Las especies no-nativas pueden causar cambios en los ecosistemas donde son introducidas. Estos cambios, o algunos de ellos, usualmente se denominan como impactos; estos pueden ser variados y potencialmente dañinos para los ecosistemas y la biodiversidad. Sin embargo, los impactos de la mayoría de las especies no-nativas están pobremente entendidos y una síntesis de información disponible se ve obstaculizada porque los autores continuamente no definen claramente impacto. Discutimos que definir explícitamente el impacto de las especies no-nativas promoverá el progreso hacia un mejor entendimiento de las implicaciones de los cambios a la biodiversidad y los ecosistemas causados por especies no-nativas; ayudar a entender cuáles aspectos de los debates científicos sobre especies no-nativas son debidos a definiciones diversas y cuáles representan un verdadero desacuerdo científico; y mejorar la comunicación entre científicos de diferentes disciplinas y entre científicos, administradores y quienes hacen las políticas. Por estas razones y basándonos en ejemplos tomados de la literatura, concebimos siete preguntas clave que caen en cuatro categorías: direccionalidad, clasificación y medida, cambios ecológicos o socio-económicos, y escala. Estas preguntas deberían ayudar en la formulación de definiciones claras y prácticas del impacto para encajar mejor con contextos científicos, de las partes interesadas o legislativos específicos.

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          Most cited references47

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          Invasive species are a leading cause of animal extinctions.

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            Structured decision making as a conceptual framework to identify thresholds for conservation and management.

            Thresholds and their relevance to conservation have become a major topic of discussion in the ecological literature. Unfortunately, in many cases the lack of a clear conceptual framework for thinking about thresholds may have led to confusion in attempts to apply the concept of thresholds to conservation decisions. Here, we advocate a framework for thinking about thresholds in terms of a structured decision making process. The purpose of this framework is to promote a logical and transparent process for making informed decisions for conservation. Specification of such a framework leads naturally to consideration of definitions and roles of different kinds of thresholds in the process. We distinguish among three categories of thresholds. Ecological thresholds are values of system state variables at which small changes bring about substantial changes in system dynamics. Utility thresholds are components of management objectives (determined by human values) and are values of state or performance variables at which small changes yield substantial changes in the value of the management outcome. Decision thresholds are values of system state variables at which small changes prompt changes in management actions in order to reach specified management objectives. The approach that we present focuses directly on the objectives of management, with an aim to providing decisions that are optimal with respect to those objectives. This approach clearly distinguishes the components of the decision process that are inherently subjective (management objectives, potential management actions) from those that are more objective (system models, estimates of system state). Optimization based on these components then leads to decision matrices specifying optimal actions to be taken at various values of system state variables. Values of state variables separating different actions in such matrices are viewed as decision thresholds. Utility thresholds are included in the objectives component, and ecological thresholds may be embedded in models projecting consequences of management actions. Decision thresholds are determined by the above-listed components of a structured decision process. These components may themselves vary over time, inducing variation in the decision thresholds inherited from them. These dynamic decision thresholds can then be determined using adaptive management. We provide numerical examples (that are based on patch occupancy models) of structured decision processes that include all three kinds of thresholds.
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              Decision Analysis: Practice and Promise

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Conserv Biol
                Conserv. Biol
                cobi
                Conservation Biology
                BlackWell Publishing Ltd (Oxford, UK )
                0888-8892
                1523-1739
                October 2014
                29 April 2014
                : 28
                : 5
                : 1188-1194
                Affiliations
                [* ]Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Restoration Ecology, Technische Universität München 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
                []Unit Ecology & Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 10, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
                []Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London Regent's Park, NW1 4RY, London, United Kingdom
                [§ ]Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, King Saud University Riyadh, 1145, Saudi Arabia
                [** ]Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast M.B.C., 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
                [†† ]Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
                [‡‡ ]Silwood Park Campus, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
                [§§ ]Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
                [*** ]The Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University PO Box 84, Christchurch, New Zealand
                [††† ]Department of Community Ecology, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
                [‡‡‡ ]German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
                [§§§ ]Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
                [**** ]Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
                [†††† ]Environment Agency Austria, Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
                [‡‡‡‡ ]Redpath Museum, McGill University 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A0C4
                [§§§§ ]Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
                [***** ]Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany
                Author notes
                Article
                10.1111/cobi.12299
                4282110
                24779412
                cbc7922d-4f6a-445c-93b2-977696810964
                © 2014 The Authors. Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., on behalf of the Society for Conservation Biology.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 14 August 2013
                : 14 January 2014
                Categories
                Essays

                Ecology
                biological invasions,definitions,ecological and socio-economic impacts,exotic species,human perception,invasion biology,invasive alien species,biología de la invasión,especies exóticas,especies foráneas invasoras,definiciones,impactos ecológicos y socio-económicos,invasiones biológicas,percepción humana

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