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      A Review of Piezoelectric and Magnetostrictive Biosensor Materials for Detection of COVID‐19 and Other Viruses

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          Abstract

          The spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus has changed the lives of people around the world with a huge impact on economies and societies. The development of wearable sensors that can continuously monitor the environment for viruses may become an important research area. Here, the state of the art of research on biosensor materials for virus detection is reviewed. A general description of the principles for virus detection is included, along with a critique of the experimental work dedicated to various virus sensors, and a summary of their detection limitations. The piezoelectric sensors used for the detection of human papilloma, vaccinia, dengue, Ebola, influenza A, human immunodeficiency, and hepatitis B viruses are examined in the first section; then the second part deals with magnetostrictive sensors for the detection of bacterial spores, proteins, and classical swine fever. In addition, progress related to early detection of COVID‐19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is discussed in the final section, where remaining challenges in the field are also identified. It is believed that this review will guide material researchers in their future work of developing smart biosensors, which can further improve detection sensitivity in monitoring currently known and future virus threats.

          Abstract

          Piezoelectric and magnetostrictive biosensor materials are presented and discussed. It is found that these advanced materials show great potential for application in the detection of various viruses. Progress related to COVID‐19 (coronavirus disease 2019) and the way to new and emerging sensors for virus detection for home application or wearability are considered.

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          Most cited references131

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          Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period

          It is urgent to understand the future of severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission. We used estimates of seasonality, immunity, and cross-immunity for betacoronaviruses OC43 and HKU1 from time series data from the USA to inform a model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. We projected that recurrent wintertime outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 will probably occur after the initial, most severe pandemic wave. Absent other interventions, a key metric for the success of social distancing is whether critical care capacities are exceeded. To avoid this, prolonged or intermittent social distancing may be necessary into 2022. Additional interventions, including expanded critical care capacity and an effective therapeutic, would improve the success of intermittent distancing and hasten the acquisition of herd immunity. Longitudinal serological studies are urgently needed to determine the extent and duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Even in the event of apparent elimination, SARS-CoV-2 surveillance should be maintained since a resurgence in contagion could be possible as late as 2024.
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            Thermodynamic theory of PbTiO3

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              Detection of COVID-19: A review of the current literature and future perspectives

              The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide pandemic. This unprecedented situation has garnered worldwide attention. An effective strategy for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic is to develop highly accurate methods for the rapid identification and isolation of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Many companies and institutes are therefore striving to develop effective methods for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA), antibodies, antigens, and the virus. In this review, we summarize the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, its genome and gene expression characteristics, and the current progression of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, antibodies, antigens, and virus detection. Further, we discuss the reasons for the observed false-negative and false-positive RNA and antibody detection results in practical clinical applications. Finally, we provide a review of the biosensors which hold promising potential for point-of-care detection of COVID-19 patients. This review thereby provides general guidelines for both scientists in the biosensing research community and for those in the biosensor industry to develop a highly sensitive and accurate point-of-care COVID-19 detection system, which would be of enormous benefit for controlling the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                narita@material.tohoku.ac.jp
                constantinos.soutis@manchester.ac.uk
                Journal
                Adv Mater
                Adv Mater
                10.1002/(ISSN)1521-4095
                ADMA
                Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                0935-9648
                1521-4095
                24 November 2020
                : 2005448
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Aoba‐yama 6‐6‐02 Sendai 980‐8579 Japan
                [ 2 ] Department of Materials Processing Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Aoba‐yama 6‐6‐02 Sendai 980‐8579 Japan
                [ 3 ] College of Automation Engineering Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 29 Jiangjun Avenue Nanjing 211106 China
                [ 4 ] Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Chester Thornton Science Park, Pool Lane Chester CH2 4NU UK
                [ 5 ] School of Engineering and Applied Science Aston University Birmingham B4 7ET UK
                [ 6 ] Aerospace Research Institute The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0957-1948
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2546-6029
                Article
                ADMA202005448
                10.1002/adma.202005448
                7744850
                33230875
                cbdc3404-7d57-4b7a-9ce8-ba61dabd6837
                © 2020 The Authors. Advanced Materials published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 11 August 2020
                : 19 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 25, Tables: 6, Pages: 24, Words: 12214
                Funding
                Funded by: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science , open-funder-registry 10.13039/501100001691;
                Funded by: Core‐to‐Core Program
                Award ID: JPJSCCA20200005
                Categories
                Review
                Reviews
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                corrected-proof
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.9.5 mode:remove_FC converted:17.12.2020

                Materials science
                artificial intelligence,biosensors,data analytics,detection properties,electromagneto‐mechanical design,internet of things,machine learning,piezoelectric/magnetostrictive materials,virus

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