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      Rhus chinensis and Galla Chinensis – folklore to modern evidence: review

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          Abstract

          The species Rhus chinensis Mill. (Anacardiaceae) is an important representative of the genus Rhus, which contains over 250 individual species found in temperate and tropical regions worldwide. Rhus chinensis has long been used by folk medicine practitioners in Asia. Leaves, roots, stem, bark, fruit and particularly the galls on Rhus chinensis leaves, Galla chinensis, are recognized to have preventative and therapeutic effects on different ailments (such as diarrhea, dysentery, rectal and intestinal cancer, diabetes mellitus, sepsis, oral diseases and inflammation). However, it is critical to separate evidence from anecdote. Fortunately, recent scientific research has revealed that Rhus chinensis compounds possess strong antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiarrheal and antioxidant activities. Moreover, compounds isolated from the stem of Rhus chinensis significantly suppressed HIV‐1 activity in vitro. Compounds from this plant were also found to inhibit enamel demineralization in vitro and enhance remineralization of dental enamel with fluoride. This review highlights claims from traditional and tribal medicinal lore and makes a contemporary summary of phytochemical, biological and pharmacological findings on this plant material. It aims to show that the pharmaceutical potential of this plant deserves closer attention. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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          Tannins and human health: a review.

          K T Chung, T. Y. Wong, C I Wei … (1998)
          Tannins (commonly referred to as tannic acid) are water-soluble polyphenols that are present in many plant foods. They have been reported to be responsible for decreases in feed intake, growth rate, feed efficiency, net metabolizable energy, and protein digestibility in experimental animals. Therefore, foods rich in tannins are considered to be of low nutritional value. However, recent findings indicate that the major effect of tannins was not due to their inhibition on food consumption or digestion but rather the decreased efficiency in converting the absorbed nutrients to new body substances. Incidences of certain cancers, such as esophageal cancer, have been reported to be related to consumption of tannins-rich foods such as betel nuts and herbal teas, suggesting that tannins might be carcinogenic. However, other reports indicated that the carcinogenic activity of tannins might be related to components associated with tannins rather than tannins themselves. Interestingly, many reports indicated negative association between tea consumption and incidences of cancers. Tea polyphenols and many tannin components were suggested to be anticarcinogenic. Many tannin molecules have also been shown to reduce the mutagenic activity of a number of mutagens. Many carcinogens and/or mutagens produce oxygen-free radicals for interaction with cellular macromolecules. The anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic potentials of tannins may be related to their antioxidative property, which is important in protecting cellular oxidative damage, including lipid peroxidation. The generation of superoxide radicals was reported to be inhibited by tannins and related compounds. The antimicrobial activities of tannins are well documented. The growth of many fungi, yeasts, bacteria, and viruses was inhibited by tannins. We have also found that tannic acid and propyl gallate, but not gallic acid, were inhibitory to foodborne bacteria, aquatic bacteria, and off-flavor-producing microorganisms. Their antimicrobial properties seemed to be associated with the hydrolysis of ester linkage between gallic acid and polyols hydrolyzed after ripening of many edible fruits. Tannins in these fruits thus serve as a natural defense mechanism against microbial infections. The antimicrobial property of tannic acid can also be used in food processing to increase the shelf-life of certain foods, such as catfish fillets. Tannins have also been reported to exert other physiological effects, such as to accelerate blood clotting, reduce blood pressure, decrease the serum lipid level, produce liver necrosis, and modulate immunoresponses. The dosage and kind of tannins are critical to these effects. The aim of this review is to summarize and analyze the vast and sometimes conflicting literature on tannins and to provide as accurately as possible the needed information for assessment of the overall effects of tannins on human health.
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            Study on the inhibitory effect of tannins and flavonoids against the 1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl radical.

            Takako Yokozawa, Cui Chen, Erbo Dong … (1998)
            Fifty-one tannins and forty-one flavonoids isolated from Oriental medicinal herbs were evaluated for their antioxidant ability with a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-generating system. The results showed that tannins and certain flavonoids are potential free-radical scavengers, and that their activity against the DPPH radical is closely associated with their chemical structure. A comparison of the two classes of compounds showed that tannins have more potential than flavonoids because almost all the tannins demonstrated significant scavenging action within a low concentration range, whereas the activity of flavonoids varied distinctively among the different compounds. An increase of galloyl groups, molecular weight, and ortho-hydroxyl structure enhanced the activity of tannins, whereas the number and position of hydroxyl groups were important features for the scavenging of free radicals by flavonoids. Moreover, it appeared that when the free hydroxyl group was methoxylated or glycosylated, the inhibitory activity was obviously decreased or even abolished.
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              Anti-cancer, anti-diabetic and other pharmacologic and biological activities of penta-galloyl-glucose.

              Nian-Zhang Zhang, Ki Kim, Li Li … (2009)
              1, 2, 3, 4, 6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (PGG) is a polyphenolic compound highly enriched in a number of medicinal herbals. Several in vitro and a handful of in vivo studies have shown that PGG exhibits multiple biological activities which implicate a great potential for PGG in the therapy and prevention of several major diseases including cancer and diabetes. Chemically and functionally, PGG appears to be distinct from its constituent gallic acid or tea polyphenols. For anti-cancer activity, three published in vivo preclinical cancer model studies with PGG support promising efficacy to selectively inhibit malignancy without host toxicity. Potential mechanisms include anti-angiogenesis; anti-proliferative actions through inhibition of DNA replicative synthesis, S-phase arrest, and G(1) arrest; induction of apoptosis; anti-inflammation; and anti-oxidation. Putative molecular targets include p53, Stat3, Cox-2, VEGFR1, AP-1, SP-1, Nrf-2, and MMP-9. For anti-diabetic activity, PGG and analogues appear to improve glucose uptake. However, very little is known about the absorption, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of PGG, or its toxicity profile. The lack of a large quantity of highly pure PGG has been a bottleneck limiting in vivo validation of cancer preventive and therapeutic efficacies in clinically relevant models.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Odilon Djakpo: odj563@gmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Phytother Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Phytother Res
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1573
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PTR
                Title: Phytotherapy Research
                Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Chichester, UK )
                ISSN (Print): 0951-418X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1099-1573
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 November 2010
                Publication date (Print): December 2010
                Volume: 24
                Issue: 12 ( doiID: 10.1002/ptr.v24:12 )
                Pages: 1739-1747
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Food Safety and Quality Control Laboratory, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
                [ 2 ]Université d'Abomey‐calavi, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Département de Nutrition et Sciences Alimentaires, Abomey‐calavi, 01 BP 526 Benin
                Author notes
                [*] [* ]Food Safety and Quality Control Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
                Article
                Publisher ID: PTR3215
                DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3215
                PMC ID: 7167973
                PubMed ID: 20564459
                SO-VID: cbe45ce5-909a-4ddb-9a46-52eda04dbb42
                Copyright © Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
                License:

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                Date received : 15 January 2010
                Date revision received : 29 March 2010
                Date accepted : 11 April 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, References: 109, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date December 2010
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.8.0 mode:remove_FC converted:15.04.2020

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: rhus chinensis,galla chinensis,traditional medicine,pharmacology,antiviral,anticaries,triterpene,gallotannins
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: rhus chinensis, galla chinensis, traditional medicine, pharmacology, antiviral, anticaries, triterpene, gallotannins

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