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      Recomendaciones diagnóstico-terapéuticas del grupo de trabajo de expertos de FACME ad-hoc sobre el manejo de la trombosis venosa cerebral relacionada con la vacunación frente a COVID-19 Translated title: Diagnostic and treatment recommendations from the FACME ad-hoc expert working group on the management of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis associated with COVID-19 vaccination

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          Abstract

          Introducción: Se han reportado casos de trombosis venosas cerebrales en personas vacunadas frente a COVID-19 con vacunas vectoriazadas con adenovirus no replicantes. Aportamos recomendaciones sobre el diagnóstico y manejo de pacientes con esta complicación.

          Método: El Grupo de Trabajo multidisciplinar, liderado por la Federación de Asociaciones Científico Médicas Españoles (FACME) y representado por distintas sociedades científicas, revisó la evidencia disponible publicada en la literatura y en los informes de la Agencia Europea del Medicamento. Se estableció una definición de caso sospechoso y recomendaciones diagnóstico-terapéuticas de la trombocitopenia trombótica inducida por la vacunación.

          Resultados: Se considera caso sospechoso aquella trombosis venosa cerebrales ocurridas entre 3 y 21 días tras la administración de vacunas no replicantes de adenovirus que presenten un valor de plaquetas inferior a 150.000 plaquetas por μL o un descenso del 50% respecto de la cifra previa. Los datos sugestivos de trombocitopenia trombótica inducida por la vacunación incluyen la presencia de anticuerpos anti-factor plaquetario tipo 4, la elevación de dímero-D cuatro veces por encima del límite superior de la normalidad o la ausencia de justificación de la trombosis.

          En su tratamiento, se recomienda administrar inmunoglobulina humana inespecífica intravenosa o realizar plasmaféresis en su defecto, evitar el uso de heparina, empleando como anticoagulantes argatroban, bivalirudina, fondaparinux, rivaroxaban o apixaban, y evitar la transfusión de plaquetas.

          Conclusiones: Las vacunas de vectores no replicantes de adenovirus pueden asociarse a trombosis venosas cerebrales con trombocitopenia, en cuyo manejo es importante el tratamiento del fenómeno disinmune y de la trombosis venosa cerebral.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: Cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis have been reported in individuals vaccinated against COVID-19 with non-replicating adenoviral vector vaccines. We issue our recommendations on the diagnosis and management of patients presenting this complication.

          Methods: The multidisciplinary working group, led by the Spanish Federation of Medical and Scientific Associations (FACME) and including representatives of several scientific societies, reviewed the available evidence from the literature and reports of the European Medicines Agency. We establish a definition for suspected cases and issue diagnostic and treatment recommendations regarding vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopaenia.

          Results: We define suspected cases as those cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis occurring between 3 and 21 days after the administration of non-replicating adenoviral vector vaccines, in patients with a platelet count below 150 000/μL or presenting a decrease of 50% with respect to the previous value. Findings suggestive of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopaenia include the presence of antibodies to platelet factor 4, D-dimer levels 4 times greater than the upper limit of normal, and unexplained thrombosis.

          The recommended treatment includes intravenous administration of non-specific human immunoglobulin or alternatively plasmapheresis, avoiding the use of heparin, instead employing argatroban, bivalirudin, fondaparinux, rivaroxaban, or apixaban for anticoagulation, and avoiding platelet transfusion.

          Conclusions: Non-replicating adenoviral vector vaccines may be associated with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopaenia; it is important to treat the dysimmune phenomenon and the cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.

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          Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine

          Abstract Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the resulting coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) have afflicted tens of millions of people in a worldwide pandemic. Safe and effective vaccines are needed urgently. Methods In an ongoing multinational, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded, pivotal efficacy trial, we randomly assigned persons 16 years of age or older in a 1:1 ratio to receive two doses, 21 days apart, of either placebo or the BNT162b2 vaccine candidate (30 μg per dose). BNT162b2 is a lipid nanoparticle–formulated, nucleoside-modified RNA vaccine that encodes a prefusion stabilized, membrane-anchored SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike protein. The primary end points were efficacy of the vaccine against laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 and safety. Results A total of 43,548 participants underwent randomization, of whom 43,448 received injections: 21,720 with BNT162b2 and 21,728 with placebo. There were 8 cases of Covid-19 with onset at least 7 days after the second dose among participants assigned to receive BNT162b2 and 162 cases among those assigned to placebo; BNT162b2 was 95% effective in preventing Covid-19 (95% credible interval, 90.3 to 97.6). Similar vaccine efficacy (generally 90 to 100%) was observed across subgroups defined by age, sex, race, ethnicity, baseline body-mass index, and the presence of coexisting conditions. Among 10 cases of severe Covid-19 with onset after the first dose, 9 occurred in placebo recipients and 1 in a BNT162b2 recipient. The safety profile of BNT162b2 was characterized by short-term, mild-to-moderate pain at the injection site, fatigue, and headache. The incidence of serious adverse events was low and was similar in the vaccine and placebo groups. Conclusions A two-dose regimen of BNT162b2 conferred 95% protection against Covid-19 in persons 16 years of age or older. Safety over a median of 2 months was similar to that of other viral vaccines. (Funded by BioNTech and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04368728.)
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            Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Final Report

            Abstract Background Although several therapeutic agents have been evaluated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), none have yet been shown to be efficacious. Methods We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous remdesivir in adults hospitalized with Covid-19 with evidence of lower respiratory tract involvement. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either remdesivir (200 mg loading dose on day 1, followed by 100 mg daily for up to 9 additional days) or placebo for up to 10 days. The primary outcome was the time to recovery, defined by either discharge from the hospital or hospitalization for infection-control purposes only. Results A total of 1063 patients underwent randomization. The data and safety monitoring board recommended early unblinding of the results on the basis of findings from an analysis that showed shortened time to recovery in the remdesivir group. Preliminary results from the 1059 patients (538 assigned to remdesivir and 521 to placebo) with data available after randomization indicated that those who received remdesivir had a median recovery time of 11 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 9 to 12), as compared with 15 days (95% CI, 13 to 19) in those who received placebo (rate ratio for recovery, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.55; P<0.001). The Kaplan-Meier estimates of mortality by 14 days were 7.1% with remdesivir and 11.9% with placebo (hazard ratio for death, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.47 to 1.04). Serious adverse events were reported for 114 of the 541 patients in the remdesivir group who underwent randomization (21.1%) and 141 of the 522 patients in the placebo group who underwent randomization (27.0%). Conclusions Remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults hospitalized with Covid-19 and evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; ACTT-1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04280705.)
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              An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report

              Abstract Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late 2019 and spread globally, prompting an international effort to accelerate development of a vaccine. The candidate vaccine mRNA-1273 encodes the stabilized prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Methods We conducted a phase 1, dose-escalation, open-label trial including 45 healthy adults, 18 to 55 years of age, who received two vaccinations, 28 days apart, with mRNA-1273 in a dose of 25 μg, 100 μg, or 250 μg. There were 15 participants in each dose group. Results After the first vaccination, antibody responses were higher with higher dose (day 29 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay anti–S-2P antibody geometric mean titer [GMT], 40,227 in the 25-μg group, 109,209 in the 100-μg group, and 213,526 in the 250-μg group). After the second vaccination, the titers increased (day 57 GMT, 299,751, 782,719, and 1,192,154, respectively). After the second vaccination, serum-neutralizing activity was detected by two methods in all participants evaluated, with values generally similar to those in the upper half of the distribution of a panel of control convalescent serum specimens. Solicited adverse events that occurred in more than half the participants included fatigue, chills, headache, myalgia, and pain at the injection site. Systemic adverse events were more common after the second vaccination, particularly with the highest dose, and three participants (21%) in the 250-μg dose group reported one or more severe adverse events. Conclusions The mRNA-1273 vaccine induced anti–SARS-CoV-2 immune responses in all participants, and no trial-limiting safety concerns were identified. These findings support further development of this vaccine. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; mRNA-1273 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04283461).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Neurologia
                Neurologia
                Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain)
                Sociedad Española de Neurología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U.
                0213-4853
                1578-1968
                6 May 2021
                6 May 2021
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Médico especialista del Servicio de Farmacología Clínica Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Calle Joaquín Rodrigo, 1, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, España; Junta Directiva de la Federación Asociaciones Científico Médicas de España (FACME), España
                [2 ]Servicio de Hematología, Hospital de la Princesa, Calle de Diego de León, 62, 28006 Madrid, España
                [3 ]Servicio de Neurología. Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña/ Instituto de Investigación Biomédica A Coruña, Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, España
                [4 ]Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud Madrid, Calle Diego de Velázquez, 1, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, España
                [5 ]Unidad de Cefaleas. Servicio de Neurología. Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Av. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 47003 Valladolid, España
                [6 ]Servicio de Neurología. Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Avda, Calle de San Juan Bosco, 15, 50009 Zaragoza, España. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), España
                [7 ]Servicio de Hematología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Av. de Pío XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, España. CIBER-CV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
                [8 ]Sección de Radiología de Urgencias Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, España
                [9 ]Centro de Salud y Vacunación Internacional, Madrid Salud. Ayuntamiento de Madrid, Calle Montesa nº 22, 28006 Madrid, España
                [10 ]Sección de Neurorradiología. Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron, 119, 08035 Barcelona, España
                [11 ]Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Calle Joaquín Rodrigo, 1, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, España.  Vocal SEFC, Grupo de Vacunas de FACME, España
                [12 ]Servicio de Oncología Médica. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, M-607, km. 9, 100, 28034 Madrid, España. IRYCIS. Federación de Asociaciones Científico Médicas Españolas (FACME), España
                Author notes
                [* ]Autor de correspondencia: Servicio de Neurología. Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Avenida Ramón y Cajal 3, 47005 Valladolid, España
                Article
                S0213-4853(21)00083-9
                10.1016/j.nrl.2021.05.001
                8101796
                cbe4b823-ba2b-4f2b-94e3-10bff337ece2
                © 2021 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 1 May 2021
                : 4 May 2021
                Categories
                Article

                covid-19,vacunas,trombosis de senos,intracraneal,enfermedades cerebrovasculares,cefaleas,vaccines,sinus thrombosis,intracranial,cerebrovascular diseases,headaches

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